“The Philosophy of Pluralism, Multidimensionality and Self and Otherness” Original Fangruida
Compile Edward 2021v3.4 modified version
世界領袖哲學家思想家科學家，醫學家病毒學家宇宙學家方瑞達-現代哲學革命
《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》原創 Fangruida
編譯 愛德華 2021v3.4 修改版
World leader, philosopher, thinker, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, cosmologist, Fang Ruida-Modern Philosophical Revolution
“The Philosophy of Pluralism, Multidimensionality and Self and Otherness” Original Fangruida
Compile Edward 2021v3.4 modified version
世界領袖哲學家思想家科學家，醫學家病毒學家宇宙學家方瑞達-現代哲學革命
《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》原創 Fangruida
編譯 愛德華 2021v3.4 修改版
Fang Ruida, world leader and philosopher’s tutor of philosophical revolution, three-dimensional three-body multi-directional philosophy revolution)Vela2016v1.12021v.3。4
Fang Ruida, the tutor of the philosophical revolution of the world’s master of philosophy
World leader, philosopher, thinker, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, cosmologist, Fang Ruida-Modern Philosophical Revolution
“The Philosophy of Pluralism, Multidimensionality and Self and Otherness” Original Fangruida
Compile Edward 2021v3.4 modified version
Why the emphasis on “The Philosophy of Pluralism, Multidimensionality and Self and Otherness” has a wide range of philosophy and the depth of research can be imagined. In the study of natural sciences and social sciences, it is necessary to avoid single thinking and one-way logic, simplification and superficiality, so that it is easy to fall into confusion or confusion. The study of the natural universe, the study of particles, the study of life and the human society of higher life species are the same. For example, the global new coronavirus has invaded human beings and infected the earth. Hundreds of millions of people were infected and millions of people died. It can be seen that the power and harm of viruses in nature. Faced with such a powerful enemy, human beings face the test of life and death in the early stage. It can be said that they are helpless, the loss is huge, and the economic loss is more than ten trillion US dollars. Now there are vaccines and other medical treatments, but people must continue to reflect on: how humans and microbes are related, how viruses evolve and mutate, why science lacks good solutions, why the losses are so heavy, and how to face the weirdness of the natural universe. . . . . and many more. Medical research, virology research, vaccine research, drug research, etc., in addition to professional anti-epidemic system knowledge and theoretical systems, it is bound to involve natural philosophy, science philosophy, technology philosophy, life philosophy, medical philosophy, etc. Fields and topics. In particular, human beings are closely related to microbes, human beings to viruses and germs, human beings to animals and plants, and human beings to environmental ecology, etc., and then they are raised to a new philosophical level. Science and philosophy are closely connected. This is the focus of this book’s discussion and research, rather than superficial and crude philosophical thinking. Human self, other, microbial self, other, virus, other, self and other in the medical field, etc., the diversity of philosophy, the multi-dimensionality and multi-directionality, etc. It’s all.Virology research, the autonomy of the virus, the otherness of the virus, the prevention and treatment of the virus, the difficulty and the main points of the prevention of the frequent occurrence of respiratory infectious diseases, etc. are very important. Of course, medical philosophy cannot replace medical epidemic prevention itself, and medical medical technology cannot replace scientific philosophy itself, but the two are very closely related and cannot be underestimated.
Fangruida-the three-dimensionality and multi-directionality of philosophy: materiality, spirituality and other physicality (the third nature between existence and consciousness, etc.) is the deepest and most extensive proposition of modern philosophy. In addition to matter and consciousness, there is also the ontology of other bodies, plants, lower animals, microorganisms, etc., which are quite different from humans such as higher life animals, and low consciousness and low perception. Wait. (Fang Ruida, the tutor of the philosophical revolution of the world philosophers)Traditional philosophy, classical philosophy, and classical philosophy always believe that matter and spirit, existence and consciousness, etc. are two bodies, which is very important in the history of human knowledge, philosophy, history, and science. However, the greatness and profoundness of the natural universe cannot be fully explained and clarified by the duality, including the complex deep-seated problems of human society, materiality, spirituality, existence and consciousness, nothing more. Analyzed from the rigorous natural sciences and philosophy and social sciences, the natural universe has multi-dimensional, multi-directional trisomy, other-substance, etc. A. Substance B. Consciousness C. Self, other. Within and outside the material and human higher consciousness, the natural world has self and otherness, for example, the life perception of lower animals and plants outside the universe material, the relative existence and movement of natural material noumenon, these are related to higher life species There is considerable homogeneity in the consciousness and spirit of wisdom and reason, as well as considerable heterogeneity. They are quite complicated. They are not simply equivalent to matter-spirit and existence-consciousness. 2+2 is equal to 4. Therefore, it is philosophy to ignore the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of the natural universe itself and replace everything with the perception and cognition of higher life. Poverty, the philosophy of poverty. In human society, social existence and spiritual consciousness are important propositions, but he is bound to ignore the natural and inevitable otherness and autonomy factors outside of social existence and human consciousness, which are also one-sided and in short supply. This understanding of society transforming society is also very short-sighted and naive. Understanding the natural universe is also seriously flawed. The human brain’s highly developed senses does not mean that all his cognitive consciousness and the like are absolutely equivalent to the physical existence of the universe. Lower animals also have certain consciousness, which is not completely the same as the perception and consciousness of humans or other life species. A large number of biological animal experiments and human experimental studies have shown this, and more research and discovery are needed.Misunderstandings, blind spots and blank spots in philosophical cognition.
Greco-Roman Classical Philosophy
Miletus School
(Thylers, etc.) (attribute the world to a specific phenomenon or substance in nature, such as water and air)
Pythagorean School
(Pythagoras) (Everything is counted)
Heraclitus
(The universe is a changing fire, dominated by logos (laws))
Democritus
(Propose atomism)
Eliya Pie
(Parmenides) (The origin of all things is the eternal “existence/being” recognized by consciousness, denying change and movement)
Socrates Master of Ancient Greek Philosophy
(Emphasis on using introspection to acquire knowledge)
Plato
(Behind the concrete everything is the eternal prototype concept)
Aristotle
(The distinction between material and form, the universe is composed of the five elements of earth, water, air, fire, and ether. It proposes the existence of the first mover “God”, etc., the most comprehensive early philosophy)
Neo-Platonism
(Plotinus) (“The One” is the foundation of the world, and the laws of reason, soul, and concrete things are all made by the super-class)
Epicurean School
(Epicureus) (All things and souls are atoms, happiness is the purpose of life)
Cynics
(Diogenes) (Despise external utility and advocate a life of poverty)
Stoic
(Marco Aurelius, Epictete) (Emphasis on the “goodness” and “morality” of human beings, advocating obedience to destiny and self-control
Medieval Christian philosophy is lined with various schools
Augustine
(Using philosophical theories to explain the existence of God, the Trinity, and the salvation of the soul)
(Scholastic Philosophy)
Aristotelianism
(Thomas Aquinas) (Using Aristotle’s rational philosophy to explain the essence, existence and virtue of God)
Voluntarism
(Scott) (The natural will is the root cause of the world movement, and the source is God)
Oconism
(Knowledge that cannot be verified externally should be deleted-“Aokang’s Razor”, etc.)
Modern western philosophy
Early natural philosophy
(A large number of scientists and philosophical theorists such as Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci, Newton, etc.) (Advocating science based on experimental observations to support theories explaining nature)
Rationalism (rationalism)
(Descartes) (I think, therefore I am, the ultimate source of knowledge is God, matter and soul are parallel to each other)
(Spinoza) (Emphasis that thinking/idea and extension/material are two different manifestations of the infinite God, one is internal and the other is external)
(Leibniz) (The world is composed of “monads” of continuous nature, including mind and material, which are all manifestations of “monads” with different levels of awakening)
Empiricism (Empiricism)
(Locke) (Experience is the only source of knowledge. Matter has primary and secondary properties. The former is in the object itself, and the latter is the product of perception)
(Hume) (Initially perception is the only source of knowledge, time and space and cause and effect are the products of perception)
(Berkeley) (Existence is self-perception, and the perception of the world as a whole is God) (German classical philosophy)
Transcendental Idealism
(Kant) (Knowledge originally originated from the unspeakable “thing-in-itself”, and only after understanding the subject’s subjective norms of time, space, and causality, can it become expressible knowledge or concepts/phenomena)
Absolute idealism
German philosophy is prosperous and famous teachers come forth in large numbers. Philosophy, science, etc. have a great influence in Europe, with both advantages and disadvantages. The defects of German philosophy are also obvious. Nietzsche’s will to power and Hitler’s World War II have a great influence. The splendor of the German nation is mixed with his certain prejudices. Hegel, Kant, and Einstein are all representatives.
(Fichte) (Experience knowledge is generated by the absolute self deep in consciousness, through constant setting of the non-self and grasping the non-self)
(Xie Lin) (Nature gradually awakens itself and develops into self-consciousness that is opposed to objective nature, and then self-consciousness returns to nature, and eventually it will be absolutely identical with objective nature, that is, to be aware of its own absolute reality)
(Hegel) (Ideal dialectics, objective idealism, the world, on the one hand, is the development and evolution of objective existence history, on the other hand, is the continuous leap of subjective consciousness from perceptual to rational
Modern western philosophy
Early irrationalism
(Kierkegaard) (denying that humans have a fixed and unified nature, emphasizing the contingency and freedom of individual existence, this is the way to approach God, the pioneer of existentialism)
Voluntarism
“Existence and Time”
“Existence and Time” is the representative work of Martin Heidegger, the founder of 20th century existential philosophy. This philosophy book criticizes philosophy as knowledge and existence as beings since Plato and Aristotle. The tradition of research,
“Critique of Pure Reason”
Criticism of pure reason has long been among the top ten in the list of major philosophical books. It is a philosophical work created by German philosopher Immanuel Kant. The book first determines the form and category of human knowledge, and then argues that these innate forms and categories are only applicable to the phenomenal world, not to the transcendental ontology—things in themselves. It is believed that the knowledge of things in themselves is not human. Achievable with limited cognitive ability.
“Utopia”
“Ideal State” mainly discusses the problem of the ideal state, with broad and profound thinking, which almost represents the entire Greek culture. In his view, the essence of philosophers is knowledge, wisdom, justice, and goodness. Only philosophers can achieve the understanding of the highest concept of the country, that is, the grasp of “good”, while others can only grasp ” Opinion” only.
“F”
“History of Western Philosophy” is a work about the history of Western philosophy created by the modern British mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell. If you want to understand what philosophy is in the Western population, then this book must be your choice. The book comprehensively introduces the development process of Sifang philosophy from the ancient Greco-Roman period to the mid-20th century.
“History of Chinese Philosophy”
Chinese philosophy books also have very influential works. For example, the “History of Chinese Philosophy” by Feng Youlan. This book is the first history of Chinese philosophy with modern significance. It uses Western philosophy to explain China. The reality of philosophical thinking has made traditional Chinese philosophy a modern subject and laid the basic framework for the history of modern Chinese philosophy. Many viewpoints have also become the conclusions of the academic world, and they are the most influential masterpieces in the history of philosophy in modern China.
“The World as Will and Appearance”
“The World as Will and Appearance” is the philosophical work of Schopenhauer, the founder of voluntarism. The book comprehensively expounds Schopenhauer’s philosophical view of voluntarism. It mainly studies the affirmation and negation of the mentality of life and constitutes an ethics. world.
“Existence and Nothingness”
“Existence and Nothingness” is a philosophical work created by French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre. The book describes the ethical meaning of freedom in a phenomenological “psychoanalysis of existence”. “Owning, acting, and being” is the most important thing in the book. part.
“metaphysics”
“Metaphysics” is a masterpiece created by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. The book discusses the philosophical objects and research scope.
“On Human Nature”
“A Theory of Human Nature” is one of the most famous philosophical books in the world, and is the representative work of the British philosopher David Hume.
(Schopenhauer) (The noumenon of the world is an uncaused natural will, time and space, causality are the result of rational knowledge of the will, and life suffers from endless desires and obstacles)
(Nietzsche) (Destiny is controlled by oneself, not by God’s norms, so the “will to power” is advocated by the weak.)
Scientific masterpiece
Pengalle “Science and Hypothesis” “Science and Method”
Wiener “Cybernetics”
Needham “History of Science and Technology in China”
Neumann “Computer and Human Brain”
Beta Langfei “General System Theory: Basics, Development, and Application”
Shen Nong “The Mathematical Theory of Communication”
Prigogine “Structure, Dissipation and Life”
Mathematics
Euclidean “The Original Geometry”
Archimedes “On the Spiral” “On the Floating Body” “On the Ball and Cylinder”
Descartes “Geometry”
Fei Ma “Introduction to Planar and Three-dimensional Trajectories”
Leibniz “A New Method of Finding Maximum, Minimum and Tangent”
Euler “Introduction to Infinite Analysis” “Analytical Mechanics”
Lagrange “Analytical Mechanics” “Analytic Function Theory”
Gauss “Arithmetic Research” “General Research on Surfaces”
Riemann “The General Theoretical Basis of Functions of Simple and Complex Variable” “Assumptions on the Basis of Geometry”
Cantor “Theoretical Foundations of Ultra-Poor Numbers”
Hilbert “Basic Geometry”
physics
Gilbert “On Magnetism”
Huygens “Swinging Clock” “On Light”
Newton “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” “Optics”
Faraday “Experimental Research on Electricity”
Joules “On Thermal Power Equivalent” “On Heat Generated by Voltaic Electricity”
Helmholtz “On the Conservation of Force” “Acoustics”
Kelvin “New Physics Involving Air Elasticity and Its Effects-Mechanical Experiments” “On the Kinetic Theory of Heat”
Maxwell “General Theory of Electromagnetism” “On Faraday’s Lines of Force”
Lun Qin “On a New Ray”
Hz “On the Theory of Electrodynamics” “On the Propagation Velocity of Electrodynamic Actions”
Planck “Theory on the Law of Energy Distribution in Normal Spectra”
Rutherford “Radiology” “New Alchemy”
Bohr “On the composition of atoms and molecules”
Schrodinger “What is life?” “Quantization as an eigenvalue problem”
De Broglie “Research on Quantum Theory”
Einstein “Special Theory of Relativity” “Basics of General Relativity”
Paoli “Electron Group in Atom and Complex Structure of Spectrum”
Fermi “Theory on Beta Decay”
Mrs. Meyer “Basic Theory of Core-Shell Structure”
Yukawa Hideki “On the Interaction of Elementary Particles”
Yang Zhenning “Elementary Particles and Their Interaction” “A Brief History of Elementary Particle Development”
Li Zhengdao “The Problem of Conservation of Parity in Weak Interactions” “Symmetry and Asymmetry”
Boyle “Sceptical Chemist” “New Experiments on Aeroelasticity of Physical and Mechanical Machinery”
Lomonosov “Conservation of Quality”
Scheler “On Air and Fire”
Lavoisier “Chemical Nomenclature” “Introduction to Chemistry”
Dalton “The New System of Chemical Philosophy”
Mendeleev “Principles of Chemistry” “Research on the Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions”
Marie Curie “On Radioactivity”
Jolio Curie and his wife “Chemical Demonstration of Elemental Decay”
Ptolemy “Astronomy Dacheng”
Copernicus “On the Movement of Celestial Bodies”
Digu “On New Stars” “On New Celestial Phenomenon”
Bruno “On the Cause, Origin and the One” “On Infinity, the Universe and the Worlds”
Galileo “On Movement” “A Dialogue on the Two World Systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus”
Kepler “New Astronomy” and “Universal Harmony”
Laplace “Celestial Mechanics” “Analytic Theory of Probability”
Hubble “The relationship between the distance of the outer nebula and the line-of-sight velocity” “The Cepheid variable star in the spiral galaxy”
Hawking “A Brief History of Time-From Big Bang to Black Hole”
Hutton “Theory of the Earth”
Humboldt “The Universe”
Ryle “Principles of Geology”
Agassiz “Glacier Research”
Clark “Geochemical Data”
Wegener “The Formation of Continents and Oceans”
Levinhoek “The Mysteries of Nature”
Lin Nai “Nature System”
Bu Feng “Natural History” “Generation of Nature”
Lamarck “Philosophy of Zoology”
Cuvier “Study on the Four-Hoofed Animal Skeleton”
Schleiden Shi Wang “Introduction to Botany” “Microscopic Research”
Darwin “Origin of Species” “The Origin of Mankind”
Mendel “The Experiment of Plant Hybridization”
Pasteur “Thesis on Lactic Acid Fermentation”
Fabre “Insects”
Huxley “The Evolution of Heaven”
Morgan “On Genes”
Watson Crick, The Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acid-A Structural Model of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Harvey, “Heart and Blood Movement Theory”
Ke He “The Etiology of Tuberculosis”
Pavlov “Conditional Reflex” Science 1. “A Brief History of Time” [English] Stephen Hawking
“A Brief History of Time Sequel” [English] Stephen Hawking
“Beyond Time and Space” (U.S.) Kalai Michio
“The Great Extinction” (American) Xu Jinghua
“Chaos: Innovating New Science” [US] Glake
“Double Helix—The Story of the Discovery of DNA Structure” [America] Watson
. “Black Hole, Baby Universe and Others” [English] Stephen Hawking
“The Evolution of Physics” [US] Einstein Infield
“The Universe” [America] Carl Sagan
“The Great Universe” (English) Kings
. “The Ripples of the Universe Sea: Gravitational Wave Detection” [Australia] David Blair McNamara
. “The Origin of the Universe” [English] Barrow
Philosophy of life
(Bergerson, Dilthey) (The world is the “continuation” and evolution of the “flow of life” in time)
New Hegelianism
(Bradley) (Development of Absolute Idealist Dialectics)
New Kantianism
(Cohen, Cassirer) (The product of the combination of transcendental idealism and philosophy of science, but denies the existence of the thing-self independent of consciousness) Modern Anglo-American philosophy
utilitarianism
(Bentham, Mill)
pragmatism
(James, Dewey) (The prerequisite for a thing to become an object of knowledge is its practicality. Only through human pursuit and experiment can the truth be obtained)
Early analytical philosophy
(Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein) (Advocating logical ontology, the ontology of the world is not a separate entity, but a logical relationship with each other)
Late analytical philosophy The natural universe is multi-dimensional, and the particle structure is also multi-dimensional and multi-dimensional, and it is not simply uniform. Their profound structure is far beyond human cognition and similarity. The natural universe is not pure matter and spirit, existence and consciousness are so simple and subtle, philosophy and science are all like this. They are also difficult to accurately describe and summarize the various phenomena and essences of the entire nature and human society, as well as higher biological intelligence life species. Therefore, matter, spirit, existence, and consciousness are not all of modern philosophy, and it should cover other essential and extremely important self and otherness. This is not a simple pluralism, triadism, or trisomy, but the very deep, complex and changeable nature of the natural universe and the symbiosis and derivation of higher life and intelligent animal species derived and reflected from it, thus constructing Very magnificent genealogical tree unique to life species. Only in this way can philosophy and natural philosophy, philosophy of science, philosophy of society, and higher wisdom and rationality of human life species truly present the great value and significance of existence. Without this, discussing the philosophy of the ape, the philosophy of the cow and the sheep, the philosophy of the pig and horse, the philosophy of the wolf dog or the virus, the philosophy of microbes, the philosophy of the moon, the philosophy of Mars, the philosophy of the galaxy, etc., is actually meaningless. Selfness and otherness are not to be taken lightly. They are as important as materiality and spirituality, and have extraordinary significance. This is the core and main point of the modern great philosophical revolution.
(Wittgenstein, Strawson, Rorty, etc.) (Thinking that philosophical problems are the result of the misunderstanding of everyday language, and advocating the analysis of semantics to reach the essential relationship between language and reality)
Falsificationist philosophy of science
(Popper) (denying that science can reach absolute truth and proposing three worlds-material world, spiritual world, and conceptual world)
Historicism philosophy of science
(Kuhn, Feyerabend) (opposing to use pure logic out of practice as a way of expressing the world, but emphasizing the accumulation of scientific experience in history)
Freudianism
(Freud) (Emphasis on the decisive role of the subconscious mind and sexual desire on personal behavior. Dreams, civilized activities, etc. are the results of the subconscious being suppressed by external morality and embodied in disguise on the conscious level)
Western Marxism
The Frankfurt School (Marcuse, Habermas) (
Phenomenology/European Philosophy
(Husserl) (Proposed phenomenological methods, advocated returning to things themselves and studying the constructive effect of consciousness on knowledge)
Existentialism
Philosophical masterpieces “Critique of Pure Reason”, “Phenomenology of Spirit”, “Being and Time”, “On Human Nature”
Descartes’ “Meditations on the First Philosophy”, Aristotle’s “Metaphysics”, “Instrumental Theory”, “Nicomark’s Ethics”, Plato’s “Parmenides”, Wittgenstein’s “Philosophical Studies”, Schopenh Hua “The World as Will and Appearance”, Locke “The Theory of Human Reason”, etc.
(Heidegger, Sartre, Camus, etc.) (Emphasis that the existence of the individual in the world prior to the reflective consciousness is the source of all knowledge. The existence of man is different from the existence of things. The existence of man is free, not Fully prescribed-existence precedes essence)
Hermeneutics
(Gadamer, Derrida) (Thinking that the study of history cannot be reduced to historical facts, but a dialogue between modern perspectives and historical relics)
Structuralism
Materialism is a world view and methodology opposite to idealism. The root of the opposition lies in the different answers to the world’s original question. Anyone who advocates that matter is the origin of the world, that there is material in the world before consciousness, and that matter determines consciousness, and that matter is the first, are all materialist views; conversely, the view that consciousness is the origin of the world is that there is consciousness first and then there is consciousness. Matter, consciousness determines matter, and the view of consciousness first belongs to idealism.
(Saussure, Altusser, Strauss, Lacan) (Advocating that the research on the overall structure of various knowledge systems should be given priority, and the a priori and eternal nature of this structure should be emphasized. It is a correct research system The premise of each element)
Deconstruction
(Derrida, Foucault, Delusz) (denying the existence of a unified knowledge structure, critical reason loses the richness of the world while pursuing the essence one-sidedly, thinking that the relationship between man and the world, author and reader is not a subject-object cognitive relationship , But the dialogue relationship between subjects, affirming the pluralism of thought)
(Source quoted from Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, etc.)
The question of where existence and consciousness, matter and thinking are the source. There have always been two fundamentally different answers to this aspect of the question, and as a result, two major camps, two basic factions, two opposing lines of idealism and materialism have been formed in philosophy. Anyone who believes that consciousness is primary and matter is secondary, that is, consciousness precedes material philosophy and belongs to idealism; whoever believes that matter is primary and consciousness is secondary, that is, matter is prior to consciousness philosophy. Belongs to materialism. In addition to these two fundamentally opposed answers (monism), there is another answer that believes that matter and consciousness are two independent and independent origins. The philosophical schools holding this view belong to dualism. Monism
Monism is a concept opposite to dualism and pluralism. It advocates the original and only one philosophical doctrine of the world. Monism is divided into materialist monism and idealist monism. Materialist monism holds that the original and only one of the world is material; idealistic monism holds that the original and only one of the world is spirit.
dualism
The meta-theory believes that the world has two originals: matter and consciousness. This is an attempt to reconcile materialism and idealism. Dualism essentially insists that consciousness separates from matter and exists independently, so it is ideal in the final analysis.
Pluralism
Pluralism is a philosophical doctrine that believes that the world is composed of multiple primitives. Pluralism can also be divided into materialist pluralism and idealist pluralism. Materialist pluralism reduces the world to a doctrine of multiple material origins. Monism is that the world has only one origin, dualism is that the world has two origins, and pluralism is that the world has more than two origins.
Monism:
There are two types of monism: materialist monism and idealist monism.
Matter is an objective reality that can exist independently of people’s consciousness and can be reflected by people’s consciousness
Spirit refers to human consciousness, thinking activities and general mental state
Another aspect of the basic question of philosophy is the question of the identity of thinking and existence. To this question, most philosophers, including materialist philosophers and some idealist philosophers, have given affirmative answers. Materialism and idealism have different solutions to this problem in principle. Materialism recognizes the objective existence of the material world and its laws, recognizes that thinking exists on the basis of reflection, and recognizes that the world can be understood; Idealism regards the objective world as a product of thinking and spirit, and that knowing the world is spirit Self-knowledge. There are also some philosophers such as D. Hume and I. Kant who deny the possibility of knowing the world or the possibility of knowing the world thoroughly, and are agnostics in the history of philosophy.
(Data source quoted from Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, etc.)
What is the fundamental difference between idealism and materialism? It is the opposite answer to the fundamental question of philosophy, the question of the relationship between mind and matter (the question of the relationship between consciousness and existence). Idealism recognizes spirit (consciousness, idea, subject) as the source of everything in the world, and matter (nature and social objects) as its appendages. Materialism recognizes that matter exists independently of the spirit, and that the spirit is nothing but an appendage. Starting from the opposite answer to this fundamental question, divergent opinions on all issues arise.
From the perspective of idealism, the world is either a synthesis of our various perceptions, or a spiritual process created by our or the world’s reason. Regarding the outer material world, it is either completely regarded as a fictitious illusion, or regarded as the outer shell of the spiritual element. Human knowledge is the autonomy of the subject and the product of the spirit itself.
Contrary to materialism, the unity of the universe lies in its materiality. Spirit (consciousness) is one of the nature of matter, and it occurs when matter develops to a certain stage. Nature, material, and the objective world exist outside the spirit, and are independent of the spirit. Human knowledge is the reflection of the objective outside world.
Materialism: The origin of the world is attributed to matter, and it advocates that matter is the first and consciousness is the second, and that consciousness is the product of matter. It is divided into ancient naive materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and dialectical materialism. The philosophy of this school has always emphasized sensory cognition, rational reasoning and objective evidence. Due to the limitations of the development of natural science, this school is still incomplete regarding the origin of the world and needs further development.
Idealism: The origin of the world is attributed to the spirit, and it advocates the primary nature of consciousness and ideas (rules), and the secondary nature of matter. Matter is the product of consciousness.
Cognitive theory: It is believed that the world can be recognized, and that people can fully recognize the world by means of sensory organs and their extensions (scientific instruments). The unrecognized part is only due to the underdevelopment of technology, and it is inevitable for people to fully understand the world.
Agnosticism: The belief that the world cannot be recognized or fully recognized. The inability to be fully recognized here is not “not yet recognized”, but refers to certain parts or levels of the world. Human beings are forever There is no way to know the truth. “Conceptual world” is a concept that must be mentioned when studying agnosticism. There are two types of monism: materialist monism and idealist monism.
Matter is an objective reality that can exist independently of people’s consciousness and can be reflected by people’s consciousness
Spirit refers to human consciousness, thinking activities and general mental state
Materialist monism holds that the origin of the world is material, with material first and spirit second. For example, it is said that consciousness is the product of brain (material) action.
Idealist monism holds that the origin of the world is spirit, with spirit first and material second. For example, matter exists in human consciousness. Without consciousness, matter does not exist.
The invulnerability of idealism lies in consciousness.
dualism:
The opposite of monism is dualism, because when monism advocates that there is no one and there is no two, dualism advocates the existence of spirit and material independently, without affecting each other. (The spirit in dualism refers to the collection of non-material, so both mind and matter form the world together) That is to say, spirit can exist independently, not the product of brain activity; matter can exist objectively, and it does not have to be seen, heard, or smelled Wait.
For example, Descartes proposed that there are two primitives in the world, matter and thinking, that is, matter and spirit (consciousness). He believed that the two exist without affecting each other, and each has its own differences.
(Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, etc.)
Not only Descartes proposed dualism, but other philosophers also proposed their dualism, with different divisions, such as Plato, who divided the world into rationality and sensibility.
Pluralism:
As the name suggests, pluralism believes that multiple primitives constitute the world, and they are also independent and independent of each other. Its opposite is also monism.
Dualism: The belief that the origin of the world is the two entities of consciousness and matter, and attempts to reconcile the philosophical views of materialism and idealism. Dualism is a philosophical doctrine that advocates that the world has two independent origins, spiritual and material. It is opposed to monism.
Epistemology: In addition to the ontology that contains materialism, idealism, and duality, there is also epistemology. Epistemology is divided into two opposing theories of empiricism and rationalism.
Philosophy, monism, dualism, ternism, pluralism, etc., each have their theories and doctrines, and they are not simply divided within the materialistic ideals. The natural universe is profound, complex and changeable, and it cannot be judged by simple materialism or monism, dualism and pluralism. Of course, from the perspective of human beings as a highly intelligent life species, these theories are undoubtedly the most realistic and true interpretations and reconciliations.
Explanation, beyond reproach. Of course they are established.
Despite this, there is no other alternative to prove it. However, whether philosophy, epistemology, methodology, logic, etc., even including experimental science, they are after all human wisdom and advanced perception and cognition of living species. Although they are very powerful, they exist in this way.However, whether philosophy, epistemology, methodology, logic, etc., even including experimental science, they are after all human wisdom and the advanced perception and cognition of life species. Although they are very powerful, they still exist in this and that kind of nature. The inevitable shortcomings and omissions cannot be completely accurate and foolproof. Human’s epistemological perception and the ever-changing phenomena presented by the natural universe are not absolutely identical, but absolutely consistent. Therefore, only with materialistic idealism, monistic dualistic pluralism cannot accurately summarize the nature and phenomena of the natural universe, and of course, it also includes research on human society and so on. Human beings are very great as advanced intelligent animals, and can even surpass everything, such as moon landings, atomic bombs, genetic recombination and so on. However, these are still the specializations of higher intelligent life species. Putting them in the vast universe would seem very small and insignificant. The earth, the moon, Mars, Jupiter, the solar system, the Milky Way, super-large planets, super-large black holes, they are just a particle or the tip of an iceberg in the natural universe. This is the most important interpretation of the most important discovery of philosophical epistemology. Philosophy and human epistemology wisdom theory requires a broader field of vision, a deeper analysis, and a deeper perception of perception. Only then can the blind spots and misunderstandings of the human brain’s perception and perception be gradually overcome, and only then can we truly understand nature from the natural world and from the universe It is possible to perceive and recognize the universe, to understand and analyze the entire nature and inevitable history and evolution process and procedures of the society created and transformed by life species and the existence of all real reality from human society. Being ignorant, seeing the trees but not the forest, and arbitrarily cognizing the world and the natural universe is obviously very harmful and need not be discussed. After tens of thousands of years, the power of human cognition, perception and activity will be revealed. The establishment of a planetary society on the moon is far beyond the philosophical category of materialism, idealism, unity, duality, and science, new epistemology, and new perception theory. There will be a large number of occurrences, such as biological robots, intelligent biological humans, moon races, Martians, etc., of course, including planetary destruction, biological extinction, cosmic evolution, solar system changes and other high-probability events, as well as the current new coronavirus. Pandemic, huge earthquake and tsunami, asteroid hitting the earth, war or nuclear war, star wars, the demise of mankind, the disintegration of the earth, etc. Philosophy and science are complex and changeable, and the cognitive structure of the human brain must be constantly improved and revised. This is the essence of the philosophical revolution. A simple and simple philosophy is impoverished. With the development of the times and the revolution of science, philosophy can reach new heights. For example, Lunar Sociology, Lunar Natural Philosophy, Lunar Economics, Lunar Medicine, Lunar Geology, Lunar Agriculture, Lunar Culture, Lunar Survival, Lunar Political Philosophy, Lunar Human Social Philosophy, etc. New cognition and new perception, including material consciousness, self, otherness, as well as new ideas of wisdom, materiality, consciousness, self, otherness, generalization of matter, generalization of consciousness, self The generalization of sex, the generalization of other bodies, the generalization of the universe, the generalization of particles, the generalization of life, the generalization of rationality, and so on.From SARS, MERS, Ebola to the new coronavirus, the global health crises in recent years have all been zoonotic diseases. Statistics show that more than 70% of new infectious diseases are related to or derived from wild animals. Natural materials constitute the natural conditions for human existence. Human beings produce, live, and develop in the interaction with nature. Human beings treat nature well, and nature will give it to mankind. Humans and nature are close friends. Humans should conform to nature to protect nature, otherwise they will suffer natural revenge and punishment. Viruses are developing and evolving, and human beings are also developing and evolving. The two are friends and natural enemies in nature. The pandemic of the new coronavirus is proof.
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————Main references, reprinted materials, bibliography, etc., Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Dictionary of Philosophy, “History of Western Philosophy”, “Summary of History of Philosophy”, etc. .
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Editor’s summary: “The Philosophy of Diversity, Multidimensionality and Self and Otherness”, this is the pinnacle of modern philosophy research by the world leader in philosophy, scientist, physicist, astronomer, cosmologist, biologist, medical scientist, virologist, thinker, anthropologist Fang Ruida It is of great epoch-making significance. The natural universe is very complex and changeable. It is obviously not rigorous and profound enough to study the huge modern philosophical system solely based on matter and spirit, existence and consciousness, and idealistic materialistic division. The natural universe presents a very complex, subtle and profound diversity, multi-body, multi-dimensional and multi-directional, the self in the natural world, the other in the natural world, the self-perception of lower life entities, and the perception of higher life intelligent animals. Cognition and the activation threshold of the human brain’s advanced nervous system genes, the otherness of the nervous system genes of life species, and the autonomy and otherness of animals and plants, including microorganisms, are very complex and profound. Matter and spirit, existence and consciousness are undeniably very important and significant. However, it is obviously not enough to clarify and reveal the nature of the vast natural universe, superparticles, superstars, supermatter, and other natural materials, as well as the multi-dimensional, multi-directional, multi-dimensional, and so on. Modern philosophy is a big philosophy. It is very close to science, from superstellar bodies and super black holes to super particles, super genes and so on. Therefore, a simple, general, abstract, simple and rough study and analysis of the nature of the big universe is very pale and weak and not rich enough. The development and evolution of the natural universe and human society are quite complicated. Humans and philosophical prophets have not really escaped from the limitations of time and history, and have not fully understood and perceived the diversity of the natural universe. The greatness and naivety of knowing. Human consciousness is very important, especially the matter of the natural universe. However, in addition to this, there are more profound things in the natural universe, which are not only highly generalized by the material. The diversity, multi-dimensionality, multi-body and multi-directionality of the natural universe is the true essence of the entire natural universe, rather than what can be summarized and explained by the so-called materialism and idealism. If it misleads mankind and society in this way, it is also very simple and naive. The matter of human beings’ self-fixed frame cannot cover the materiality and self-otherness of the entire natural universe, and the multi-dimensionality and multi-directionality of the entire natural universe. Human society is also very complex. Existence and consciousness are very important. However, human society is also multi-dimensional, multi-dimensional and multi-body, including many known and unknown numbers. For example, the survival threshold of life species, the similarities and differences between the perception senses of lower life and the perception senses of higher life intelligence species, the intensification threshold of genes in the ape orangutan and the human brain’s higher God system, and the self and otherness of human society as a life species and many more. The self and otherness of the natural universe. The self-otherness of viruses, the self-otherness of cells, the self-otherness of genes, the self-otherness of the universe, the self-otherness of black holes, etc.
As a world leader, philosopher, and scientist thinker, Fang Ruida has repeatedly taught us, and we deeply feel wisdom and teachings. Fang Ruida has repeatedly taught us that we must understand the natural universe and the world, not be ignorant, short-sighted, and satisfied with one hole of view. That is naive and naive. It requires continuous learning and constant spitting out of the old. This is the way to wisdom.This book is Fang Ruida’s original philosophy and natural philosophy scientific philosophy paper. It was originally published in 2016. Now according to the requirements of hundreds of millions of readers and scholars and netizens around the world, it has been revised, revised and republished as an e-book with some necessary adjustments and adjustments. The entire book has been reviewed and revised by the original author. Thank you very much.
Edward. W January 30, 2021 in Geneva, Switzerland
“La philosophie de la diversité, de la multidimensionnalité et de soi et des autres”, c’est le summum de la recherche en philosophie moderne par le leader mondial de la philosophie maître scientifique physicien astronome, cosmologiste biologiste virologue médical penseur anthropologue Fang Ruida Il est d’une grande importance historique. L’univers naturel est très complexe et changeant.Il n’est évidemment pas assez rigoureux et profond pour étudier l’immense système philosophique moderne uniquement basé sur la matière et l’esprit, l’existence et la conscience, et la division matérialiste idéaliste. L’univers naturel présente une diversité très complexe, subtile et profonde, multi-corps, multidimensionnelle et multidirectionnelle, le moi du monde naturel, l’altérité du monde naturel, la perception de soi des formes de vie inférieures, et le perception d’animaux intelligents de vie supérieure. La cognition et le seuil d’activation des gènes du système nerveux de haut niveau du cerveau humain, l’altérité des gènes du système nerveux des espèces vivantes, l’autonomie et l’altérité des animaux et des plantes, y compris les micro-organismes, sont très complexes et profond. La matière et l’esprit, l’existence et la conscience sont indéniablement très importants et significatifs. Cependant, il ne suffit évidemment pas de clarifier et de révéler la nature du vaste univers naturel, des superparticules, des superstars, de la supermatière et d’autres substances naturelles, ainsi que des substances multidimensionnelles, multidirectionnelles, multidimensionnelles, etc. La philosophie moderne est une grande philosophie. Elle est très proche de la science, des corps superstellaires et super trous noirs aux super particules, aux super gènes, etc. Par conséquent, une étude simple, générale, abstraite, simple et grossière pour analyser la nature de la l’univers est très pâle et faible et pas assez riche. Le développement et l’évolution de l’univers naturel et de la société humaine sont assez compliqués. Les êtres humains et les prophètes philosophiques n’ont pas vraiment échappé aux limites du temps et de l’histoire, et n’ont pas pleinement compris et perçu la diversité de l’univers naturel, la multidimensionnalité et la multidimensionnalité, la grandeur et la naïveté du savoir. La conscience humaine est très importante, en particulier la matière de l’univers naturel. Cependant, en plus de cela, il y a des choses plus profondes dans l’univers naturel, qui ne sont pas seulement très généralisées par la matière. La multidimensionnalité, le multi-corps et la multidirectionnalité de l’univers naturel sont la véritable essence de l’univers naturel tout entier, plutôt que ce qui peut être résumé et expliqué par le soi-disant matérialisme et idéalisme. Si cela induit en erreur l’humanité et la société de cette manière, il est également très simple et naïf. La question du cadre auto-fixé des êtres humains ne peut pas couvrir la matérialité et l’altérité de soi de tout l’univers naturel. La société humaine est également très complexe. L’existence et la conscience sont très importantes. Cependant, la société humaine est également multidimensionnelle, multidimensionnelle et multi-corps, y compris de nombreux nombres connus et inconnus. Par exemple, le seuil de survie des espèces vivantes, les similitudes et les différences entre les sens de perception de la vie inférieure et les sens de perception des espèces d’intelligence vitale supérieure, le seuil d’intensification des gènes chez le singe orang-outan et le système divin supérieur du cerveau humain, et le le moi et l’altérité de la société humaine en tant qu’espèce vivante et bien d’autres. Le moi et l’altérité de l’univers naturel. L’auto-altérité des virus, l’auto-altérité des cellules, l’auto-altérité des gènes, l’auto-altérité de l’univers, l’auto-altérité des trous noirs, etc.
En tant que leader mondial, philosophe et penseur scientifique, Fang Ruida nous a enseigné à maintes reprises et nous ressentons profondément la sagesse et les enseignements. Fang Ruida nous a enseigné à plusieurs reprises que nous devons comprendre l’univers naturel et le monde, ne pas être ignorants, myopes et se contenter d’un seul trou de vue. C’est naïf et naïf, et nous devons continuer à apprendre, cracher constamment sortir de l’ancien et recevoir le nouveau: c’est le chemin de la sagesse.
«Философия разнообразия, многомерности, Я и других», это вершина современных философских исследований, проводимых мировым лидером философии, ученым, физиком, астрономом, космологом, биологом, медицинским вирусологом, мыслителем, антропологом Фанг Руидой. Это имеет большое эпохальное значение. Естественная вселенная очень сложна и изменчива и, очевидно, недостаточно строгая и глубокая, чтобы изучать огромную современную философскую систему, основанную исключительно на материи и духе, существовании и сознании, а также идеалистическом материалистическом разделении. Естественная вселенная представляет собой очень сложное, тонкое и глубокое разнообразие, многочастичное, многомерное и разнонаправленное, сущность природного мира, инаковость природного мира, самовосприятие низших форм жизни и восприятие высшей жизни разумных животных. Познание и порог активации генов нервной системы высокого уровня человеческого мозга, непохожесть генов нервной системы живых организмов, автономия и непохожесть животных и растений, включая микроорганизмы, очень сложны и глубокий. Материя и дух, существование и сознание, несомненно, очень важны и значимы. Однако этого явно недостаточно, чтобы прояснить и раскрыть природу огромной естественной вселенной, суперчастиц, суперзвезд, суперматериалы и других природных веществ, а также многомерных, разнонаправленных, многомерных и так далее. Современная философия – это большая философия. Она очень близка к науке, от сверхзвездных тел и супер черных дыр до суперчастиц, супергенов и т. Д. Поэтому простое, общее, абстрактное, простое и грубое исследование для анализа природы Вселенная очень бледна и слаба и недостаточно богата. Развитие и эволюция естественной вселенной и человеческого общества довольно сложны. Люди и философские пророки на самом деле не избежали ограничений времени и истории, не полностью осознали и не осознали разнообразие естественной вселенной, ее многомерность. , и многомерность, величие и наивность познания. Человеческое сознание очень важно, особенно материя естественной вселенной. Однако в дополнение к этому в естественной вселенной есть более глубокие вещи, которые не только сильно обобщаются материалом. Многомерность, множественность и разнонаправленность естественной вселенной – это истинная сущность всей естественной вселенной, а не то, что можно обобщить и объяснить с помощью так называемого материализма и идеализма. Если он вводит в заблуждение человечество и общество таким образом, это тоже очень просто и наивно. Материя самофиксированной структуры человеческих существ не может покрыть материальность и инаковость всей естественной вселенной. Человеческое общество также очень сложное. Существование и сознание очень важны. Однако человеческое общество также многомерно, многомерно и многомерно, включая многие известные и неизвестные числа. Например, порог выживания видов жизни, сходства и различия между чувствами восприятия низших форм жизни и чувствами восприятия видов с более высоким жизненным интеллектом, порог усиления генов у обезьян-орангутангов и высшей системы Бога человеческого мозга, а также «я» и инаковость человеческого общества как вида жизни и многое другое. Самость и инаковость естественной вселенной. Само-инаковость вирусов, инаковость клеток, инаковость генов, инаковость Вселенной, инаковость черных дыр и т.д.
Как мировой лидер, философ и ученый-мыслитель Фанг Руида неоднократно учил нас, и мы глубоко чувствуем мудрость и учения. Фанг Руида неоднократно учил нас, что мы должны понимать естественную вселенную и мир, не быть невежественными, недальновидными и довольствоваться единственной дырой в глазах. Это наивно и наивно, и нам нужно продолжать учиться, постоянно плюясь выбрасывать старое и получать новое – это путь к мудрости.
“Die Philosophie der Vielfalt, Multidimensionalität und des Selbst und anderer”, dies ist der Höhepunkt der modernen Philosophieforschung durch den weltweit führenden Philosophie-Meister, Wissenschaftler, Physiker, Astronomen, Kosmologen, Biologen, medizinischen Virologen, Denker, Anthropologen Fang Ruida. Es ist von großer epochaler Bedeutung. Das natürliche Universum ist sehr komplex und veränderlich. Es ist offensichtlich nicht streng und tief genug, um das riesige moderne philosophische System zu studieren, das ausschließlich auf Materie und Geist, Existenz und Bewusstsein und idealistischer materialistischer Trennung beruht. Das natürliche Universum präsentiert eine sehr komplexe, subtile und tiefgreifende Vielfalt, mehrkörperig, mehrdimensional und multidirektional, das Selbst der natürlichen Welt, das Anderssein der natürlichen Welt, die Selbstwahrnehmung niedrigerer Lebensformen und das Wahrnehmung intelligenter Tiere mit höherem Leben Die Wahrnehmung und die Aktivierungsschwelle der Gene des menschlichen Gehirns auf hoher Ebene, das Anderssein der Gene des Nervensystems lebender Arten, die Autonomie und das Anderssein von Tieren und Pflanzen, einschließlich Mikroorganismen, sind sehr komplex und tiefgreifend. Materie und Geist, Existenz und Bewusstsein sind zweifellos sehr wichtig und bedeutsam. Es reicht jedoch offensichtlich nicht aus, die Natur des riesigen natürlichen Universums, der Superpartikel, Superstars, Supermaterie und anderer natürlicher Substanzen sowie der mehrdimensionalen, multidirektionalen, mehrdimensionalen und so weiter zu klären und aufzudecken. Die moderne Philosophie ist eine große Philosophie. Sie ist der Wissenschaft sehr nahe, von superstellaren Körpern und Super-Schwarzen Löchern bis zu Superpartikeln, Supergenen und so weiter. Daher eine einfache, allgemeine, abstrakte, einfache und grobe Studie zur Analyse der Natur der Das Universum ist sehr blass und schwach und nicht reich genug. Die Entwicklung und Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums und der menschlichen Gesellschaft ist ziemlich kompliziert. Menschen und philosophische Propheten sind den Grenzen der Zeit und der Geschichte nicht wirklich entkommen und haben die Vielfalt des natürlichen Universums, die Mehrdimensionalität, nicht vollständig verstanden und wahrgenommen und die Mehrdimensionalität. Die Größe und Naivität des Wissens. Das menschliche Bewusstsein ist sehr wichtig, insbesondere die Materie des natürlichen Universums. Darüber hinaus gibt es jedoch tiefere Dinge im natürlichen Universum, die nicht nur durch das Material stark verallgemeinert werden. Die Multidimensionalität, Multikörper- und Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums ist die wahre Essenz des gesamten natürlichen Universums und nicht das, was durch den sogenannten Materialismus und Idealismus zusammengefasst und erklärt werden kann. Wenn es die Menschheit und die Gesellschaft auf diese Weise irreführt, ist es auch sehr einfach und naiv. Die Frage des selbstfixierten Rahmens des Menschen kann nicht die Materialität und Selbst-Andersartigkeit des gesamten natürlichen Universums abdecken. Die menschliche Gesellschaft ist ebenfalls sehr komplex. Existenz und Bewusstsein sind sehr wichtig. Die menschliche Gesellschaft ist jedoch auch mehrdimensional, mehrdimensional und mehrkörperig, einschließlich vieler bekannter und unbekannter Zahlen. Zum Beispiel die Überlebensschwelle von Lebensspezies, die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Wahrnehmungssinnen des niederen Lebens und den Wahrnehmungssinnen der Spezies höherer Lebensintelligenz, die Intensivierungsschwelle der Gene im Affenorang-Utan und im höheren Gott-System des menschlichen Gehirns und die Selbst und Anderssein der menschlichen Gesellschaft als Lebensart und vieles mehr. Das Selbst und das Anderssein des natürlichen Universums. Das Selbst-Anderssein von Viren, das Selbst-Anderssein von Zellen, das Selbst-Anderssein von Genen, das Selbst-Anderssein des Universums, das Selbst-Anderssein von Schwarzen Löchern usw.
Fang Ruida hat uns als Weltmarktführer, Philosoph und Denker von Wissenschaftlern wiederholt gelehrt, und wir fühlen tief Weisheit und Lehren. Fang Ruida hat uns wiederholt gelehrt, dass wir das natürliche Universum und die Welt verstehen müssen, nicht unwissend, kurzsichtig und mit einem einzigen Blickloch zufrieden sein müssen. Das ist naiv und naiv, und wir müssen weiter lernen und ständig spucken das Alte herausholen und das Neue empfangen. Dies ist der Weg zur Weisheit.
世界領袖哲學家思想家科學家，醫學家病毒學家宇宙學家方瑞達-現代哲學革命
《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》原創 Fangruida
編譯 愛德華 2021v3.4 修改版
為何強調《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》，哲學範疇很廣，研究廣度深度可想而知。研究自然科學和社會科學，都需要避免單一思維單向邏輯，簡單化粗淺化表象化，那樣很容易陷入迷茫或混亂之中。研究自然宇宙，研究粒子，研究生命和高等生命物種之人類社會都是如此。譬如，風靡全球的新冠病毒侵襲人類，感染地球，億萬人獲疫，幾百萬人喪命。由此可見，自然界病毒的強大和危害，面對如此強敵，人類在前期面臨生死存亡的大考驗，可以說束手無策，損失巨大，經濟損失十多萬億美元。現在有了疫苗等防治醫療，但是人們要不斷反思：人類和微生物的關係如何，病毒如何進化變異，科學為何缺乏良策應對，損失為何如此慘重，如何面對自然宇宙的怪異。 。 。 。 。等等。醫學研究，病毒學研究，疫苗研究，藥物研究等等，除了專業性防疫抗疫系統知識和理論體系之外，勢必要涉及到自然哲學，科學哲學，技術哲學，生命哲學，醫學哲學等等這些領域和課題。特別是人類和微生物，人體和病毒病菌，人類和動植物，人類和環境生態等息息相關，進而提升到新的哲學高度加以闡述。科學和哲學緊密相連，這正是本書所要探討和研究的重點，而不是膚淺的粗糙的慣有的哲學思考。人類的自體性，他體性，微生物的自體性，他體性，病毒的自體性，他體性，醫學領域的自體性他體性等等，哲學的多元性多維性多向性等，比比皆是。病毒學研究，病毒的自體性，病毒的他體性，病毒的防治，呼吸道傳染病多發易發防疫的難點和要點等至關重要。當然，醫學哲學並不能替代醫學防疫本身，醫學醫療技術也不能代替科學哲學本身，但二者關聯甚大，不可輕視。
世界哲學大師哲學革命的導師方瑞達三維三體多向哲學革命）自体性 他体性 多元性 多向性
Fangruida-哲學的三維性，多向性：物質性 精神性 他體性（介乎於存在和意識之間或之外的第三性等）現代哲學最深刻最廣泛的命題。物質，意識之外，還有他體性本體性，植物或低等動物，微生物等存在的一定的本體性，它和高級生命動物的人類等有相當大的不同，低等意識低等感知等等。 （世界哲學大師哲學革命的導師方瑞達三維三體多向哲學革命）傳統的哲學，古典哲學，經典哲學總是認為物質與精神，存在與意識等它們是二體性，這在人類的認識史哲學史科學史非常重要。但是，自然宇宙的偉大和深邃並不是的二體性能夠完全解釋和闡明的，包括人類社會復雜的深層問題，物質性，精神性，存在和意識，僅此而已。從嚴謹的自然科學和哲學社會科學來分析，自然宇宙存在多維性多向性三體性，他體性，等。 A。物質 B。意識 C。自體性，他體性。在物質和人類高等意識之內之外，自然世界存在自體性，他體性，譬如，宇宙物質之外的低等動植物的生命感知，自然物質本體的相對存在和運動，這些和高等生命物種智慧理性的意識和精神有相當大的同質性，同時也有相當大的異質性。它們之間相當複雜，並不是簡單等同於物質-精神，存在-意識，2+2等於4，因此，忽視自然宇宙本身的多維性多向性，把高等生命的感知認知代替一切，是哲學的貧困，貧困的哲學。人類社會，社會存在和精神意識是重要的命題，但他勢必忽視忽略社會存在和人類意識之外的自然和必然的他體性，自體性因素，這也是片面和短缺的。這樣認識社會改造社會也是十分短視幼稚的。認識自然宇宙，也是有嚴重缺陷的。人腦的感官高度發達，並不意味他的一切認知意識之類就絕對等同於宇宙自然的物質性存在性。低等動物也有一定的意識，他和人類或其他生命物種的感知認知意識並不完全等同一致。大量的生物動物試驗和人體試驗研究表明了這些，需要更多的研究和發現。哲學認知的誤區和盲區，空白點。
希臘羅馬古典哲學
米利都學派
（泰勒斯等）（把世界歸結為自然某一具體的現像或物質，如水、氣）
畢達哥拉斯學派
（畢達哥拉斯）（萬物皆數）
赫拉克利特
（宇宙是變動的火，由邏各斯（規律）支配）
哲學一元論二元論三元論多元論等，各有理論和學說，並不單純在唯物唯心之內劃分。自然宇宙深邃複雜多變，並不是單的唯物唯心或一元論二元論多元論等所能概括判定的。當然，從人類作為高等智化的生命物種而言，這些理論學說無疑是最現實最真實的闡述和解
釋，無可非議。他們理所當然是成立的。
捨此，並沒有別的替代物能夠證明。但是，哲學也好，認識論，方法論，邏輯論等等也罷，甚至包括實驗科學在內，它們畢竟是人類智慧和生命物種的高級感知和認知，雖然十分強大，但畢竟存在的這樣那樣 问题。
但是，哲學也好，認識論，方法論，邏輯論等等也罷，甚至包括實驗科學在內，它們畢竟是人類智慧和生命物種的高級感知和認知，雖然十分強大，但畢竟存在的這樣那樣的自然的必然的缺陷和紕漏，不可能完全十分精準精確萬無一失。人類的認識論感知論和自然宇宙本體呈現出的千變萬化無窮現象並不絕對等同，絕對劃一。因此，僅以唯物唯心，一元二元多元論也並不能全部準確概括自然宇宙的本質和現象，當然，也包括人類社會的研究等等。人類作為高等智慧動物是十分偉大的，甚至可超越一切，比如，登月，原子彈，基因重組等等。但是，這些依然是高等智慧生命物種的特異化，把它放在遼闊無垠的大宇宙之內，那就顯得十分渺小和微不足道了。地球，月球，火星，木星，太陽系，銀河系，超大星球，超大黑洞，它們也僅僅是偌大自然宇宙的一顆微粒或冰山之一角而已。這正是哲學革命哲學認識論最重要的發現最重要的解讀。哲學和人類認知論智慧論，視野要更開闊，剖析要更深刻，感知認知要更深奧，才能逐步走出人腦認知感知的盲點和誤區，才能真正從自然界認知自然，從宇宙中感知認知宇宙，從人類社會中認識研析生命物種所創造和改造的社會和一切真實的現實的存在的整個自然和必然的全部歷史和演變演進過程和程序才有可能。孤陋寡聞，只見樹木不見森林，偏頗武斷認知世界和自然宇宙，顯然是十分有害的，無需論述。多少萬年以後，人類的認知感知和活動力量就會顯現出來，人類建立月球社會星球社會，遠遠超出了唯物唯心一元二元多元之類的哲學範疇科學範疇，新的認識論新的感知論會大量出現，比如，生物機器人，智能生物人，月球人種，火星人等等，當然也包括星球毀滅，生物大滅絕，宇宙演化，太陽系變化等等大概率事件，也包含當下發生的新冠病毒大流行，特大地震海嘯，小行星撞地球，戰爭或核戰爭，星球大戰，人類滅亡，地球解體等。哲學和科學複雜多變，人腦的認知結構必須不斷完善修正，這正是哲學革命的要義所在。單一的簡單的淺陋的哲學是貧困的，隨著時代發展，科學的革命，哲學才能走向新的高度。譬如，月球社會學，月球自然哲學，月球經濟學，月球醫學，月球地質學，月球農業學，月球文化學，月球生存學，月球政治哲學，月球人社會哲學等等，不一而足。
但是，哲學也好，認識論，方法論，邏輯論等等也罷，甚至包括實驗科學在內，它們畢竟是人類智慧和生命物種的高級感知和認知，雖然十分強大，但畢竟存在的這樣那樣的自然的必然的缺陷和紕漏，不可能完全十分精準精確萬無一失。人類的認識論感知論和自然宇宙本體呈現出的千變萬化無窮現象並不絕對等同，絕對劃一。因此，僅以唯物唯心，一元二元多元論也並不能全部準確概括自然宇宙的本質和現象，當然，也包括人類社會的研究等等。人類作為高等智慧動物是十分偉大的，甚至可超越一切，比如，登月，原子彈，基因重組等等。但是，這些依然是高等智慧生命物種的特異化，把它放在遼闊無垠的大宇宙之內，那就顯得十分渺小和微不足道了。地球，月球，火星，木星，太陽系，銀河系，超大星球，超大黑洞，它們也僅僅是偌大自然宇宙的一顆微粒或冰山之一角而已。這正是哲學革命哲學認識論最重要的發現最重要的解讀。哲學和人類認知論智慧論，視野要更開闊，剖析要更深刻，感知認知要更深奧，才能逐步走出人腦認知感知的盲點和誤區，才能真正從自然界認知自然，從宇宙中感知認知宇宙，從人類社會中認識研析生命物種所創造和改造的社會和一切真實的現實的存在的整個自然和必然的全部歷史和演變演進過程和程序才有可能。孤陋寡聞，只見樹木不見森林，偏頗武斷認知世界和自然宇宙，顯然是十分有害的，無需論述。多少萬年以後，人類的認知感知和活動力量就會顯現出來，人類建立月球社會星球社會，遠遠超出了唯物唯心一元二元多元之類的哲學範疇科學範疇，新的認識論新的感知論會大量出現，比如，生物機器人，智能生物人，月球人種，火星人等等，當然也包括星球毀滅，生物大滅絕，宇宙演化，太陽系變化等等大概率事件，也包含當下發生的新冠病毒大流行，特大地震海嘯，小行星撞地球，戰爭或核戰爭，星球大戰，人類滅亡，地球解體等。哲學和科學複雜多變，人腦的認知結構必須不斷完善修正，這正是哲學革命的要義所在。單一的簡單的淺陋的哲學是貧困的，隨著時代發展，科學的革命，哲學才能走向新的高度。譬如，月球社會學，月球自然哲學，月球經濟學，月球醫學，月球地質學，月球農業學，月球文化學，月球生存學，月球政治哲學，月球人社會哲學等等，不一而足。新的認知新的感知，包括物質性意識性自體性他體性，也包括新的智慧理念，物質性，意識性，自體性，他體性，物質的泛化，意識的泛化，自體性的泛化，他體性的泛化，宇宙的泛化，粒子的泛化，生命的泛化，理性的泛化等等。從SARS、MERS、埃博拉到新型冠狀病毒，近年來的全球性衛生危機無一不是人畜共患病。統計顯示，70%以上的新發傳染病與野生動物有關或來源於野生動物。自然物質構成人類生存的自然條件，人類在同自然的互動中生產、生活、發展，人類善待自然，自然也會饋贈人類。人與自然是親密的朋友，人類應順應自然保護自然，否則就會遭受自然的報復和處罰。病毒在發展在進化，人類也在發展進化，二者在自然界是朋友又是天敵。新冠病毒大爆發是明證。
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————主要參考引用轉載資料文獻書目等，百科，wiki百科，大不列顛百科全書，哲學百科，哲學大詞典，<<西方哲學史》，《哲學史概要》等。
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編者提要：
As a world leader, philosopher, and scientist thinker, Fang Ruida has repeatedly taught us, and we deeply feel wisdom and teachings. Fang Ruida has repeatedly taught us that we must understand the natural universe and the world, not be ignorant, short-sighted, and satisfied with one hole of view. That is naive and naive. It requires continuous learning and constant spitting out of the old. This is the way to wisdom.”The Philosophy of Diversity, Multidimensionality and Self and Otherness”, this is the pinnacle of modern philosophy research by the world leader in philosophy, scientist, physicist, astronomer, cosmologist, biologist, medical scientist, virologist, thinker, anthropologist Fang Ruida It is of great epoch-making significance. The natural universe is very complex and changeable. It is obviously not rigorous and profound enough to study the huge modern philosophical system solely based on matter and spirit, existence and consciousness, and idealistic materialistic division. The natural universe presents a very complex, subtle and profound diversity, multi-body, multi-dimensional and multi-directional, the self in the natural world, the other in the natural world, the self-perception of lower life entities, and the perception of higher life intelligent animals. Cognition and the activation threshold of the human brain’s advanced nervous system genes, the otherness of the nervous system genes of life species, and the autonomy and otherness of animals and plants, including microorganisms, are very complex and profound. Matter and spirit, existence and consciousness are undeniably very important and significant. However, it is obviously not enough to clarify and reveal the nature of the vast natural universe, superparticles, superstars, supermatter, and other natural materials, as well as the multi-dimensional, multi-directional, multi-dimensional, and so on. Modern philosophy is a big philosophy. It is very close to science, from superstellar bodies and super black holes to super particles, super genes and so on. Therefore, a simple, general, abstract, simple and rough study and analysis of the nature of the big universe is very pale and weak and not rich enough. The development and evolution of the natural universe and human society are quite complicated. Humans and philosophical prophets have not really escaped from the limitations of time and history, and have not fully understood and perceived the diversity of the natural universe. The greatness and naivety of knowing. Human consciousness is very important, especially the matter of the natural universe. However, in addition to this, there are more profound things in the natural universe, which are not only highly generalized by the material. The diversity, multi-dimensionality, multi-body and multi-directionality of the natural universe is the true essence of the entire natural universe, rather than what can be summarized and explained by the so-called materialism and idealism. If it misleads mankind and society in this way, it is also very simple and naive. The matter of human beings’ self-fixed frame cannot cover the materiality and self-otherness of the entire natural universe, and the multi-dimensionality and multi-directionality of the entire natural universe. Human society is also very complex. Existence and consciousness are very important. However, human society is also multi-dimensional, multi-dimensional and multi-body, including many known and unknown numbers. For example, the survival threshold of life species, the similarities and differences between the perception senses of lower life and the perception senses of higher life intelligence species, the intensification threshold of genes in the ape orangutan and the human brain’s higher God system, and the self and otherness of human society as a life species and many more. The self and otherness of the natural universe. The self-otherness of viruses, the self-otherness of cells, the self-otherness of genes, the self-otherness of the universe, the self-otherness of black holes, etc.
As a world leader, philosopher, and scientist thinker, Fang Ruida has repeatedly taught us, and we deeply feel wisdom and teachings. Fang Ruida has repeatedly taught us that we must understand the natural universe and the world, not be ignorant, short-sighted, and satisfied with one hole of view. That is naive and naive. It requires continuous learning and constant spitting out of the old. This is the way to wisdom.《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》，这是世界领袖哲学大师科学家物理学家天文学家宇宙学家生物学家医学家病毒学家思想家人类学家方瑞达现代哲学研究的巅峰之作，具有划时代的伟大意义。自然宇宙是十分复杂多变的，单纯以物质和精神，存在与意识，唯心唯物区划研究庞大的现代哲学体系，显然不够严谨和深邃。自然宇宙呈现的是十分复杂微妙深奥的多元性多体性多维性多向性，自然世界的自体性，自然世的他体性，低等生命体的自有感知性，高等生命智慧动物的感知认知和人脑高级神经系统基因的活动激发阈值，生命物种神经系统基因的他体性，动植物包括微生物的自体性和他体性，非常复杂深奥。物质和精神，存在与意识，不可否认非常重要，意义重大。但是，它显然不够不足以阐明和揭示广阔无垠的自然宇宙和超粒子超星体超物质等自然物质的本体性以及他体性多元性多向性多维性等等。现代哲学是大哲学，从大宇宙超星体超黑洞到超粒子超基因等等，它和科学十分紧密，因此，单纯笼统抽象简单粗糙研究剖析大宇宙大自然就显得十分苍白无力而且不够丰富严密。自然宇宙和人类社会发展演变相当复杂，人类和哲学先知们并没有真正脱离时代和历史的局限，并没有完全清晰的认知和感知自然宇宙的多元性多体性多维性多向性，因此也是认识的伟大和幼稚所在。人类意识十分重要，自然宇宙物质更是如此。但是，除此之外，自然宇宙还有更深奥博大的东西存在，并不仅以物质所能全部高度概括。自然宇宙的多元性多维性多体性多向性，才是整个自然宇宙的真正全部本质性，而不是所谓的唯物与唯心所能概括和说明的。如果以此误导人类和社会，那也是十分浅陋和幼稚的。人类自己定格的物质，并不能涵盖整个自然宇宙的物质性和自体性他体性，多元性多维性多向性。人类社会也很复杂，存在和意识是十分重要的，但是，人类社会也是多元多向多维多体的，包括很多已知数和未知数。诸如，生命物种的生存阈值，低等生命的感知感官和高等生命智慧物种的感知感官的异同，猿猴猩猩和人脑高级神系统基因的激化阈值，人类社会作为生命物种的自体性和他体性等等。自然宇宙的自体性和他体性。病毒的自体性他体性，细胞的自体性他体性，基因的自体性他体性，宇宙的自体性他体性，黑洞的自体性他体性，等等。
方瑞达作为世界领袖，哲学大师，科学家思想家一再教导我们，我们深感智慧和教诲。方瑞达一再教导我们，要洞悉自然宇宙，洞悉世界，不要孤陋寡闻，鼠目寸光，满足于一孔之见，那是天真和幼稚，需要不断学习，不断吐故纳新，这才是智慧之路。《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》《多元性多維性與自體性和他體性哲學》本書是方瑞達原創哲學和自然哲學科學哲學論文，原發表在2016年，現根據全球億万讀者和學者網民要求，予以重新修訂修改再版發行電子書，部分內容做一些必要的調整和刪改，全書業經原作者審核修改，值此謝忱。
愛德華。 W 2021年1月30日 瑞士日內瓦
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Beautiful flower bloom 