FangruidaWorks：
Fangruida’s natural philosophy: super-spinning super-rotating cosmic structural system and multi-dimensional multi-directionality of natural philosophy. The original theory of “three sexes” (intensive
reading)
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(Original: Fangruida May 2012 in Athens, Bonn, London, revised finalized in New York)
Edit Translation: Cole Susan 2012 electronic version 2012V1.1 version
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Key words: ██ Multidimensionality of philosophy
█ The three principles of philosophy
● Three-dimensional multidimensional theory
Absolute relativity of the natural world
Abstract macro concrete microscopic concrete macro abstract ultramicro
The breadth and limitations of human wisdom
Natural Revolution, Cosmic Revolution and Social Revolution
Assimilation or alienation of super-smart humans and super-bio-smart players
The end of life, the multi-spin system of the universe
The structure of thinking: convergence and divergence
The chemical abundance of the universe, homogeneity, heterogeneity
Substance-Species-Organics-Inorganics Life Macromolecules Life and Wisdom Human Life ▲▲
Philosophy and history
Studying world history, studying human history, including natural science research, such as the structure and evolution of the universe, the ultra-microsystems of particles, the evolution of life, the future
of the universe, the developmental variation of the human world and the future, etc., are a big end. The philosophical thoughts, the colorful flowers, can be described as colorful and magnificent. History of philosophy, history
of thought, history of civilization, history of religion, and various research works are full of enthusiasm. Masters of world philosophy, masters of thought, and masters of science have left us with an extremely precious cultural
heritage, which is worthy of repeated study and in-depth study. For example, the question of thinking and existence, consciousness and material as the source: cosmic structure, particle structure, origin of life, the future
of man and the universe, the society of the planet and the universe, the end of the universe and humanity, the pioneering and limitations of science and technology Sex, human brain thinking structure and highly intelligent
biological robots, the existence and destruction of the Earth and the solar system, the large-scale structure of the universe and the homogeneity of the universe, the advanced intelligent animals and life macromolecules, matter
and species, the space and time of the universe, black holes And dark matter, big bang and steady state, initial, normal ground state and final state, super-spin and super-spin, classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, evolutionary
structure of human society, and so on. Of course, philosophy and natural science and technology are inseparable. Here we mainly discuss natural philosophy. Therefore, there are not many discussions on physical mechanics, etc.,
mainly in the basic categories of philosophy and natural philosophy. Natural science research papers refer to the author’s related works.
The history of world philosophy and the history of thought have an extremely important position and extremely important guiding role in human history. With the rapid development of modern science and technology,
with the substantial growth and leap of the world economy, the development of human society and new Civilized rationality has reached a new milestone. Economic history, civilization history, social history, political history,
military history, cultural history, religious history, intellectual history, philosophy history, and history of the universe are very grand and complex. Here, we mainly study and discuss the history of human understanding,
the history of thought, and the history of philosophy. . The big end, the clear veins and trajectories of the world, all kinds of doctrines, all kinds of academics, all kinds of thoughts, various schools, flowers and flowers,
quite new. Of course, it is not possible to talk about things, but to involve in-depth research and exploration in the field of natural science and technology, as well as other important areas of research, in order to profoundly
understand and understand, what is the great revolution of modern philosophy. Otherwise, there is no way to talk about it, or to go biased and extreme. Western philosophy, Eastern philosophy, religious philosophy, etc.
European Philosophy and Western Philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy school
The early four universities in ancient Greece were the Ionian, Pythagoras, Elia, and the elemental school; the late four-school school: the cynicism school, the Stoic school, the Epicurean school, New Platon
School
Ionian
Miletus School
(Thales, etc.) (to attribute the world to a specific phenomenon or substance of nature, such as water and gas)
Pythagoras School
(Pythagoras) (everything is counted)
Heraclitus
(The universe is a changing fire, dominated by logos (laws))
Democritus
(propose atomism)
Elijah
(Parmenid) (the origin of all things, is the eternal “consciousness of existence”, denying change and movement
Socrates
(emphasizes access to knowledge by introspection)
Plato
(The concrete behind everything is the eternal prototype concept)
Aristotle
(The distinction between material and form, the universe consists of five elements: earth, water, gas, fire, and ether, presenting the existence of the first promoter “God”, etc., the most comprehensive
early philosophy)
Neo-Platonicism
(Protino) (“Taiyi” is the foundation of the world, rational laws, souls, and specific things are too super-existing)
Epicurean school
(Ibi-Ji-lu) (everything and soul are atoms, happiness is the purpose of life)
Cynic school
(Diogenes) (contempt for external utilitarianism, advocates poverty-stricken life)
Stoia
(Marco Aurelius, Abigail Ted) (emphasis on the “goodness” and “de” of human beings, advocating obedience to fate while grasping self)
Medieval Christian philosophy
Augustine
(In the philosophical theory to explain the existence of God, the Trinity, the salvation of the soul)
(Scholastic philosophy)
Aristotle
(Thomas Aquinas) (using Aristotle’s rational philosophy to explain the nature, existence, virtue of God)
Willism
(Scott) (with the natural will as the cause of the world movement, the source is God)
Aokangism
(
Modern western philosophy
Early natural philosophy
(Bacon, Da Vinci, Newton and many other scientists, philosophical theorists) (proposes experimental observation-based science to support the theory of interpretation of nature)
Rationalism (rationalism)
(Descartes) (I think so I am, the ultimate source of knowledge is God, material and soul are parallel to each other)
(Spennosha) (emphasizing thinking/concepts and prolongation/substance are two different manifestations of the infinite God, one for the inner and one for the external)
(Leibnitz) (The world consists of consecutive “singles” of nature, including spirit and matter)
Empiricism (empiricalism)
(Locke) (Experience is the only source of knowledge, matter has the first nature and the second nature, the former is in the object itself, and the latter is the product of perception)
(Hume) (Initial perception is the only source of knowledge, time and space are both products of perception)
(Beckley) (The existence is self-perception, and the perception of the whole world is God) (German classical philosophy)
Transcendental idealism
(Kant) (Knowledge originally originated from the inexpressible “object self”, which became a formable knowledge or concept/phenomenon after the subject’s subjective norms of time, space and causality
were recognized.
Absolute idealism
(Ficht) (Experience knowledge is the absolute self in the depths of consciousness, produced by constantly setting non-I, grasping non-I)
(Xie Lin) (Nature gradually self-awake, develops into a self-consciousness that opposes objective nature, and then returns self-consciousness to nature, and will eventually reach the absolute same with objective
nature, that is, it can sense its absolute reality)
(Hegel) (ideal dialectics, objective idealism, the world is on the one hand, the evolution of objective existential history, and on the other hand, the continuous leap of subjective consciousness from sensibility
to rationality, when realizing the development of self-awareness When the development of objective existence, you reach the absolute truth of God)
Young Hegelian
(Feuerbach) (materialism, pointing out that God is the externalization of the essence of human pursuit, admiring “love”) (practical materialism, emphasizing the decisive role of practical labor, so
that nature presents objective laws in front of human beings.
Modern western philosophy
Early irrationalism
(Kerkegaard) (denying that people have the essence of fixed unity, emphasizing the contingency and freedom of individual existence, this is the road to God, the pioneer of existentialism)
Voluntarism
(Schopenhauer) (The ontology of the world is the natural will without cause and effect, time and space, causality is the result of rational understanding of the will, and life is endless because of the endless
desire and hindrance of desire)
(Nietzsche) (Destiny is controlled by oneself, not the norm of God, so it advocates the “power will” of the weak meat)
Philosophy of life
(Borgsen, Dilthey) (The world is the “stretching” and evolution of “the stream of life” in time)
New hegelism
(Bradley) (Development of Absolute Ideal Dialectics)
Neo-Kantianism
(Cohen, Cassirer) (a product of the combination of transcendental idealism and scientific philosophy, but denying the existence of self-physical independence from consciousness)
utilitarianism
(Bentham, Mill) (Social behavior is actually pursuing the maximization of personal happiness)
pragmatism
(James, Dewey) (The premise that things become the object of knowledge is its practicality. Only through human pursuit and experimentation can the truth be obtained)
Early analytic philosophy
(Freig, Russell, Wittgenstein) (Proposing logical ontology, the ontology of the world is not a separate entity, but an interrelated logical relationship)
Post-analytic philosophy
(Wittgenstein, Strawson, Rorty, etc.) (I believe that the emergence of philosophical problems is the result of misunderstanding of everyday language, and advocates the analysis of semantics to achieve the essential
relationship between language and reality)
Falsificationist philosophy of science
(Popper) (Rejecting science can reach absolute truth, proposing three worlds – the material world, the spiritual world, the conceptual world)
Historic philosophy of science
(Kun, Feyerabend) (opposing the pure logic of separation from practice as a way of expressing the world, while emphasizing the accumulation of scientific experience in history)
Freudianism
(Floyd) (emphasizing the decisive role of subconsciousness and sexual desire on individual behavior, dreams, civilized activities, etc. are the result of subconsciousness being suppressed by external morality
and disguised at the level of consciousness)
Western Marxism
The Frankfurt School (Marcuse, Habermas) (in Marx’s dialectics, Freud’s instinct, focuses on the enslavement and alienation of material civilization, advocates changing the social interaction model, and alleviates
capitalism Social crisis)
Phenomenology / European Philosophy
(Husser) (Proposed a phenomenological approach, advocating returning to the matter itself, and studying the constructive role of consciousness in knowledge)
Existentialism
(Heidegger, Sartre, Coronation, etc.) (emphasizing the existence of the individual’s pre-reflective consciousness in the world is the source of all knowledge. The existence of human beings is different from
the existence of objects. The existence of human beings is free, not being Fully prescribed – existence precedes essence
Hermeneutics
(Gadamer, Derrida) (Thinking that the study of history cannot be reduced to historical facts, but the dialogue between modern perspectives and historical relics)
Structuralism
(Sausul, Artusai, Strauss, Lacan) (proposes the study of the overall structure of the various knowledge systems, and emphasizes the a priori and permanence of this structure, it is the correct research system
Premise of each element)
Deconstruction
(Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze) (denying the existence of a unified knowledge structure, critical reason loses the richness of the world while unilaterally pursuing the essence, and believes that the relationship
between man and the world, author and reader is not the relationship between subject and object. , but the dialogue between the subjects, affirming the diversity of ideas)
Essentials of philosophy science
The history of world philosophy, the history of world science and technology, the history of world social development, and the history of European and American philosophy all have brilliant historical memories.
Thales (about 585 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, was honored as the ancestor of Western philosophy from Aristotle.
Heracletitos (about 504-501 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, one of the founders of dialectics.
Parmenides (in the year 504-501 BC), the founder of the ancient Greek philosopher, ontology (ontology).
Demokritos (about 420 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, founder of atomism.
Socrates (468-399 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher.
Platon (427-347 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, with dialogues such as “Socratic Defence”, “Ideology”, “Barmenid”, “The Wise”, etc. Works.
Aristotles, Plato’s students, Greek philosophers, encyclopedic philosophers, founders of many disciplines, masterpieces “Tools”, “Physics”, “metaphysics”, “Nico Marco’s Ethics,
Political Science.
Lucretius (b.c.99-55) Ancient Roman materialist philosopher. I believe that everything is made up of atoms. The atom is infinitely moving in the universe and is infinite. It advocates atheism. The main work:
“The Theory of Physical Property.”
Aurelius Augustinus (354-430 AD), the greatest representative of the medieval godfather philosophy, is entitled “Confessions” and “City of God.”
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the greatest representative of the philosophy of the medieval scholasticism, with the book “Anti-Beast Encyclopedia” and “Theological Encyclopedia”
(Thomas Aquinas) (using Aristotle’s rational philosophy to explain the nature, existence, virtue of God)
Willism
(Scott) (with the natural will as the cause of the world movement, the source is God)
Aokangism
(
Modern western philosophy
Early natural philosophy
(Bacon, Da Vinci, Newton and many other scientists, philosophical theorists) (proposes experimental observation-based science to support the theory of interpretation of nature)
Rationalism (rationalism)
(Descartes) (I think so I am, the ultimate source of knowledge is God, material and soul are parallel to each other)
(Spennosha) (emphasizing thinking/concepts and prolongation/substance are two different manifestations of the infinite God, one for the inner and one for the external)
(Leibnitz) (The world consists of consecutive “singles” of nature, including spirit and matter)
Empiricism (empiricalism)
(Locke) (Experience is the only source of knowledge, matter has the first nature and the second nature, the former is in the object itself, and the latter is the product of perception)
(Hume) (Initial perception is the only source of knowledge, time and space are both products of perception)
(Beckley) (The existence is self-perception, and the perception of the whole world is God) (German classical philosophy)
Transcendental idealism
(Kant) (Knowledge originally originated from the inexpressible “object self”, which became a formable knowledge or concept/phenomenon after the subject’s subjective norms of time, space and causality
were recognized.
Absolute idealism
(Ficht) (Experience knowledge is the absolute self in the depths of consciousness, produced by constantly setting non-I, grasping non-I)
(Xie Lin) (Nature gradually self-awake, develops into a self-consciousness that opposes objective nature, and then returns self-consciousness to nature, and will eventually reach the absolute same with objective
nature, that is, it can sense its absolute reality)
(Hegel) (ideal dialectics, objective idealism, the world is on the one hand, the evolution of objective existential history, and on the other hand, the continuous leap of subjective consciousness from sensibility
to rationality, when realizing the development of self-awareness When the development of objective existence, you reach the absolute truth of God)
Young Hegelian
(Feuerbach) (materialism, pointing out that God is the externalization of the essence of human pursuit, admiring “love”) (practical materialism, emphasizing the decisive role of practical labor, so
that nature presents objective laws in front of human beings.
Modern western philosophy
Early irrationalism
(Kerkegaard) (denying that people have the essence of fixed unity, emphasizing the contingency and freedom of individual existence, this is the road to God, the pioneer of existentialism)
Voluntarism
(Schopenhauer) (The ontology of the world is the natural will without cause and effect, time and space, causality is the result of rational understanding of the will, and life is endless because of the endless
desire and hindrance of desire)
(Nietzsche) (Destiny is controlled by oneself, not the norm of God, so it advocates the “power will” of the weak meat)
Philosophy of life
(Borgsen, Dilthey) (The world is the “stretching” and evolution of “the stream of life” in time)
New hegelism
(Bradley) (Development of Absolute Ideal Dialectics)
Neo-Kantianism
(Cohen, Cassirer) (a product of the combination of transcendental idealism and scientific philosophy, but denying the existence of self-physical independence from consciousness)
utilitarianism
(Bentham, Mill) (Social behavior is actually pursuing the maximization of personal happiness)
pragmatism
(James, Dewey) (The premise that things become the object of knowledge is its practicality. Only through human pursuit and experimentation can the truth be obtained)
Early analytic philosophy
(Freig, Russell, Wittgenstein) (Proposing logical ontology, the ontology of the world is not a separate entity, but an interrelated logical relationship)
Post-analytic philosophy
(Wittgenstein, Strawson, Rorty, etc.) (I believe that the emergence of philosophical problems is the result of misunderstanding of everyday language, and advocates the analysis of semantics to achieve the essential
relationship between language and reality)
Falsificationist philosophy of science
(Popper) (Rejecting science can reach absolute truth, proposing three worlds – the material world, the spiritual world, the conceptual world)
Historic philosophy of science
(Kun, Feyerabend) (opposing the pure logic of separation from practice as a way of expressing the world, while emphasizing the accumulation of scientific experience in history)
Freudianism
(Floyd) (emphasizing the decisive role of subconsciousness and sexual desire on individual behavior, dreams, civilized activities, etc. are the result of subconsciousness being suppressed by external morality
and disguised at the level of consciousness)
Western Marxism
The Frankfurt School (Marcuse, Habermas) (in Marx’s dialectics, Freud’s instinct, focuses on the enslavement and alienation of material civilization, advocates changing the social interaction model, and alleviates
capitalism Social crisis)
Phenomenology / European Philosophy
(Husser) (Proposed a phenomenological approach, advocating returning to the matter itself, and studying the constructive role of consciousness in knowledge)
Existentialism
(Heidegger, Sartre, Coronation, etc.) (emphasizing the existence of the individual’s pre-reflective consciousness in the world is the source of all knowledge. The existence of human beings is different from
the existence of objects. The existence of human beings is free, not being Fully prescribed – existence precedes essence
Hermeneutics
(Gadamer, Derrida) (Thinking that the study of history cannot be reduced to historical facts, but the dialogue between modern perspectives and historical relics)
Structuralism
(Sausul, Artusai, Strauss, Lacan) (proposes the study of the overall structure of the various knowledge systems, and emphasizes the a priori and permanence of this structure, it is the correct research system
Premise of each element)
Deconstruction
(Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze) (denying the existence of a unified knowledge structure, critical reason loses the richness of the world while unilaterally pursuing the essence, and believes that the relationship
between man and the world, author and reader is not the relationship between subject and object. , but the dialogue between the subjects, affirming the diversity of ideas)
Essentials of philosophy science
The history of world philosophy, the history of world science and technology, the history of world social development, and the history of European and American philosophy all have brilliant historical memories.
Thales (about 585 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, was honored as the ancestor of Western philosophy from Aristotle.
Heracletitos (about 504-501 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, one of the founders of dialectics.
Parmenides (in the year 504-501 BC), the founder of the ancient Greek philosopher, ontology (ontology).
Demokritos (about 420 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, founder of atomism.
Socrates (468-399 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher.
Platon (427-347 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, with dialogues such as “Socratic Defence”, “Ideology”, “Barmenid”, “The Wise”, etc. Works.
Aristotles, Plato’s students, Greek philosophers, encyclopedic philosophers, founders of many disciplines, masterpieces “Tools”, “Physics”, “metaphysics”, “Nico Marco’s Ethics,
Political Science.
Lucretius (b.c.99-55) Ancient Roman materialist philosopher. I believe that everything is made up of atoms. The atom is infinitely moving in the universe and is infinite. It advocates atheism. The main work:
“The Theory of Physical Property.”
Aurelius Augustinus (354-430 AD), the greatest representative of the medieval godfather philosophy, is entitled “Confessions” and “City of God.”
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the greatest representative of the philosophy of the medieval scholasticism, is entitled “Anti-Beast Encyclopedia” and “Theological Encyclopedia”.
Bruno (1548-1600) Italian materialist philosopher and natural scientist. Propagating Copernicus’s heliocentric theory, that the universe has no center, the sun is just an ordinary planet, the solar system is
just a celestial system, and matter is the common common essence of all things in the universe. The main work: “On the reasons, the essence and one.”
Hobbes (1588-1679) was a British materialist philosopher who used to be the secretary and assistant of Bacon. He systematically embodies Bacon’s philosophical ideas and advocates the use of mechanics and mathematics
to illustrate the world. He is the founder of mechanical materialism. The main works: “On matter”, “On the people.”
Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the ancestor of British empiricism, and the “New Tools”.
René Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, founder of modern philosophy, the founder of the theory, is the “Method Discussion”, “The First Philosophical Contemplation”, “Philosophy
Principles”.
Benedicus de Spinoza (1632-1677), a Dutch philosopher, one of the main representatives of the theory, with “Ethics” and so on.
John Locke (1632-1704), one of the main representatives of British empiricism, is entitled “The Theory of Human Reason.”
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), a German philosopher, one of the main representatives of the theory, is entitled “Single Theory” and “New Theory of Human Reason.”
George Berkeley (1685-1753), one of the main representatives of British empiricism, is entitled “The Principles of Human Knowledge.”
David Hume (1711-1776), one of the main representatives of British empiricism, is entitled “The Theory of Human Nature” and “The Study of Human Reason.”
Montesquieu (1689-1755), a French enlightenment thinker, with the Persian Letters and The Spirit of the Law.
Voltaire (1694-1778), a French enlightenment thinker, and author of “Philosophy Communication.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), a French enlightenment thinker, entitled “The Origin and Foundation of Human Inequality”, “Social Contract Theory”, “Emil”, and “Confessions”.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the founder of German classical philosophy, is entitled “Critique of Pure Reason”, “Critique of Practical Reason” and “Critique of Judgment”.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), a master of German classical philosophy, is known for his dialectic in the world, and he is the author of “Psychophenomenology”, “Logic” and “Philosophy
of Philosophy”.
Auguste Comte (1798-1857), French philosopher, founder of positivism, and the “Experimental Philosophy Course”.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), British philosopher, one of the representatives of positivism, is entitled “Conde and positivism”, “system of logic”, “utilitarianism”.
“Arther Schopenhauer (1788-1860), a German philosopher, a voluntarist, has a “world of will and appearance.”
Karl Marx (May 5, 1818 – 1883, 3, 1)
Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law (1843), on Jewish Nationality (1843), Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (1844), Feuerbach (1845), Poverty of Philosophy (1845), Employment Labor With Capital
(1847), Louis Bonaparte’s Misty Moon 18th (1852), Capital Theory Volume 2 (1893), Capital Theory Volume III (1894), etc.
William James (1842-1910), an American philosopher, one of the main representatives of pragmatism, is the “Psychology Principles”, “Pragmatism”, “Complete Empiricism Proceedings”.
Friedrich Willhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900), a German philosopher, with “The Other Side of Good and Evil”, “Zarathustra”, “Strong Will”.
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), a Swiss linguist, founder of structuralism, and a course in General Linguistics.
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), German philosopher, founder of phenomenology, with “Logical Studies”, “Phenomenon of Phenomenology”, “The Contemplation of Descartes” and “The
Crisis of European Science and Transcendental Phenomenology, etc.
Sigmund Freud (1865-1939), an Austrian psychologist, founder of the psychoanalytic school, with “An Analysis of Dreams” and “Introduction to Psychoanalysis.”
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) British philosopher and educator wrote “The History of Western Philosophy”, “Education”, “Philosophy Problems”, etc., won the Nobel Prize in Literature
in 1950.
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), German philosopher, founder of existential philosophy, with “Existence and Time”, “Introduction to Metaphysics”, “Lin Zhong Lu” and so on.
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), one of the founders of Austrian-American philosophy, linguistic philosophy or analytic philosophy, is the author of The Philosophy of Logic and Philosophical Studies.
Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970), a German philosopher, one of the main representatives of logical positivism, is entitled “The Logical Structure of the World” and “The Logical Syntax of Language.”
Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976) is a British philosopher, one of the representatives of the everyday language school, and has the concept of “heart”.
Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900-), the German philosopher, the founder of philosophical hermeneutics, is the author of The Truth and Method.
Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), a German philosopher and founder of the Frankfurt School, is the author of Critical Theory, Research in Social Philosophy, and Dialectics of Enlightenment (co-authored with Adorno).
Theoder Wiesengrund Adorno (1903-1969), a German philosopher, one of the main representatives of the Frankfurt School, is entitled “Negative Dialectics”.
Herbert Marcuse (1895-1979), a German philosopher, one of the main representatives of the Frankfurt School, with “Ration and Revolution”, “Eros and
Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980), a French philosopher, one of the main representatives of existentialism, with “existence and nothingness”, “existentialism is a kind of humanitarianism” and
“criticism of dialectical reason”.
Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-), French philosopher, anthropologist, one of the main representatives of structuralism, is entitled “Structural Anthropology” and “Wild Thinking.”
Willard van Orman Quine (1908-), one of the main representatives of analytic philosophy, “from a logical point of view”, “logic philosophy.”
Tomas Kuhn (1922-), an American scientific philosopher, a historian of science, a representative of the Historic School, and the “Structure of the Scientific Revolution” and “Necessary Tension.”
Michel Foucault (1926-1984), a French philosopher, one of the main representatives of post-structuralism and post-modernism, is entitled “Knowledge Archaeology”, “Discipline and Punishment”
and so on.
Jacques Derrida (1931-), a French philosopher, one of the main representatives of postmodernism, with “writing and difference”, “casting”, “the edge of philosophy”, “the ghost
of Marx” and so on.
Richard. M. Rorty (1931-), an American philosopher, one of the representatives of post-modern philosophy, is the Mirror of Philosophy and Nature and Post-Philosophy Culture.
Fredric Jamason (1931-), an American philosopher and literary critic, one of the main representatives of postmodernism, is entitled “Marxism and Form”, “Political Unconsciousness”, and “Cultural
Logic of Late Capitalism”.
John Rawls (1921-), an American political philosopher, is the author of The Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism.
Robert Nozick (1938-), an American political philosopher, is entitled “Anarchy, State, and Utopia.”
Western philosophy European and American philosophy has a huge influence on the world. Of course, philosophy and thought are often inseparable. Philosophers also mean thinkers.
Philosophers, thinkers, schools of thought, and main ideology
Ancient Greek period: 7th century BC – 2nd century BC
Thales (about 624-about 547, the first philosopher of ancient Greece, the founder of the Miletus School)
Anaximandros (about 610-before 546, ancient Greek Miletus school materialist philosopher)
Anaximenes (about 588-about 525, ancient Greek Miletus school materialist philosopher)
Pythagoras (about 580 – about 500 before, ancient Greek mathematician, idealist philosopher)
Xenophanes (about 565-about 473, the ancient Greek philosopher, the first representative of the Elia school)
Herakleitos (between 540 and about 480 and 470 before, the ancient Greek materialist philosopher, the founder of the Efes school)
Kratylos (former fifth century, ancient Greek Efesian philosopher, Heraclitus student)
Parmenides (before the end of the sixth century – about the middle of the first half of the fifth century, the idealist philosopher of the Elia school of ancient Greece) Leukippos (about 500-about 440, the
ancient Greek materialist philosopher , the atom said one of the founders)
Anaxagoras (about 500 before – 428 BC, ancient Greek materialist philosopher)
Zeno Eleates (about 490 – about 436 before, ancient Greek idealist philosopher, student of Parmenides) Empedokles (Em. 490 – about 430, Ancient Greek materialist philosopher, founder of rhetoric)
Gorgias (about 483 – about 375, the ancient Greek wise philosopher)
Protagoras (formerly 481-about 411, ancient Greek wise philosopher)
Socrates (formerly 469-before 399, ancient Greek idealist philosopher)
Demokratos (Demokritos, 460- 370 BC, ancient Greek materialist philosopher, and the founder of the atomic theory of Rebecca) Antisthenes (about 435-about 370, ancient Greece Philosopher, founder of the cynic
school
Aristippos (about 435-front 360?, ancient Greek philosopher, founder of the Cyrene School, disciple of Socrates)
Plato (Plato, former 427-before 347, ancient Greek objective idealist philosopher, founder of the school, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle) - “Ideology”, “politician”, “Bammenides”
and “Plato Dialogues”
Diogenes o Sinopeus (about 404-about 323, ancient Greek cynic philosopher)
Aristotles (Aristotles, 384- 322 BC, Ancient Greek philosopher, scientist, Plato’s student, Alexander the Great’s teacher, the founder of the Happy School) – Metaphysics, Tool Theory, Nigma Ethics, Physics,
Politics
, “The Complete Works of Aristotle”
Pyrrhon (about 365-about 275, ancient Greek philosopher, skeptic)
Epikouros (formerly 341-pre-270, ancient Greek materialist philosopher)
Zeno (Zionon Kitieus), about 336-about 264, founder of the ancient Greek Stoic school
Roman period: the second century BC – the fifth century AD
Cousero (Marcus Tullius Cicero, former 106-43, ancient Roman politician, eloquent, philosopher, philosophically representative of eclecticism)
Titus Lucretius Carus (about 99-about 55, ancient Roman poet, materialist philosopher) – “The Theory of Materiality”
Tertullianus (between 150 and 160 – about 222, one of the Christian godfathers)
Aurelius Augustinus (354-430, the Roman Empire Christian thinker, the main representative of the godfather philosophy) – “Confessions”, “On Free Will”, “The Monologue”, “The
City of God”, “The Handbook of Doctrine”
Hypatia (about 370-about 415, female mathematician, astronomer, neo-Platonic philosopher of the Roman Empire)
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, 480-524 or 525, the idealist philosopher in late Roman times
Medieval: 5th century AD – end of the 14th century
Johannes Scotus Erigena (circa 810-877, a philosopher of the pre-European medieval scholasticism) – “On God’s Presupposition”, “On the Division of Nature”
Anselmus (1033-1109, a medieval Christian thinker in Europe, the main representative of realism, known as “the last godfather and the first scholastic philosopher”)
Roscellinus (about 1050 – about 1112, medieval French philosopher, nominalist)
Guillaume de Champeaux (circa 1070-1121, medieval French philosopher, realist)
Abel (Petrus Abailardus, 1079-1142, philosopher of the medieval French Academy, “concept theory”)
Albertus Magnus (1193 or 1206 or 1207-1280, Medieval German philosopher, theologian, Catholic Dominican monk)
Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274, Medieval Theologian and scholastic philosopher, Catholic Dominican Fellow) – Theological Encyclopedia and Anti-Beast Encyclopedia
Sigerus de Brantia (circa 1240-1281 to 1284, Netherland philosopher, Averroist)
Meister Johannes Eckhart (circa 1260-1327, medieval German theologian and mystic philosopher) Johannes Duns Scotus (circa 1265-1308, medieval Scottish scholastic philosopher, nominalist ) – “On Oxford”,
“Paris on”
William of Occam (or Ockham), about 1300 – about 1350, philosopher of the medieval Soviet scholastic philosopher, nominalist) Jan Hus (circa 1369-1415, Czech patriot and religious reformer)
Dante Alighièri (1265-1321, Italian poet.
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374, Italian poet, one of the pioneers of humanism in the European Renaissance) – “Secret”
Geovanni Boccàccio (1313-1375, Italian writer of the Renaissance, one of the main representatives of humanism) – “Ten Days”
Paul (John Ball, ?-1381, British folk missionary, one of the leaders of the Wat Taylor Uprising)
John Wycliffe (circa 1320-1384, British, pioneer of the European Reformation Movement)
Nikola (Kusa’s) (Nicolaus Cusanus, 1401-1464, Renaissance German philosopher, cardinal, pantheist)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519, Renaissance Italian artist, natural scientist, engineer, philosopher)
Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1524 or 1525, the Italian philosopher of the Renaissance, one of the main representatives of humanism)
Desiderius Erasmus (circa 1469-1536, the Renaissance Netherland humanist, formerly known as Gerhard Gerhards, born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands) – “The Fools”
Thomas More (1478-1535, Renaissance British Utopian Communist)
Martin Luther (1483-1546, the founder of the 16th century German Reformation, Christian (Protestant) Road
Thomas Münzer (about 1490-1525, leader of the German peasant war of 1524-1525, German peasant and religious reformer of urban civilians)
Calvin (1509-1564, French, European Reformer, founder of Christian Calvin) – “On Benevolence”, “Christian Essentials”, “Faith Guide”, “Christian Masterpieces Integration”,
From the Renaissance to the Selected Works of Humanitarian Humanity in the 19th Century by Bourgeois Literati Artists, Selected Works of Western Ethical Masterpieces, and History of Medieval Philosophy in Western Europe (Bernardino
Telesio, 1509-1588, Renaissance Italy philosopher)
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (1533-1592, a translation of Montagne, French thinkers and prose writers during the Renaissance) – “Meng Tian Wenxuan”
Pierre Charron (1541-1603, French philosopher of the Renaissance)
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600, Italian philosopher of the Renaissance) – “On Reason, Primitive and Taiyi”, “On Infinity, Universe and Worlds”, “Basting the Beast”, “On Heroic
Passion” 》
Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639, Renaissance Italian Utopian Communist)
Jakob B?hme, 1575-1624, Renaissance German mystic philosopher
Grouseus (Hugo Grotius, 1583-1645, Dutch bourgeois jurist, early theorist of the natural law school, studied law, theology, history, literature, and natural sciences, with international law Research is well
known)
Lucilio Vanini (1584-1619, Italian philosopher of the Renaissance)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626, “-“Chongxue”, “New Tools”, “Bacon’s Anthology”, “New Daxi”
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679, British materialist philosopher) – “Leviathan”, “On Objects”, “On Man”, “On Freedom, Inevitability and Accident”
Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655, a translation of garrison, French materialist philosopher, physicist, astronomer) Descartes (1596-1650, French philosopher, physicist, mathematician) , physiologist, founder of analytic
geometry) – “Methodology”, “The First Philosophical Contemplation”, “Philosophical Principles”, “On the Passion of the Soul”
Hendrik van Roy (French name Henri Le Roy, Latin name Henricus Regius, 1598-1679, Dutch doctor, philosopher, representative of early mechanical materialism)
Gerrard Winstanley (circa 1609-about 1652, the leader of the bourgeois revolutionary movement in the British bourgeois revolution, the imaginary communist)
John Lilburne (circa 1614-1657, petty bourgeois democrat of the British bourgeois revolution, average leader)
Arnold Geulincx (1625-1669, the Dutch Descartes idealist philosopher, he and Malebranches are also called the causemen)
Spinoza (later renamed Benedictus) Spinoza, 1632-1677, Dutch materialist philosopher) – “Ethics”, “Intellectual Improvement”, “Theological Politics”, “The Principles of Descartes”
Locke (John Locke, 1632-1704, British materialist philosopher) – “Human Understanding”, “On the Government”, “The Rationality of Christianity”
Nicolas Malebranche (1638-1715, French idealist philosopher) – “The Search for Truth”, “Dialogue on Metaphysics”
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716, German natural scientist, mathematician, idealist philosopher) – “Theory of God”, “New Theory of Human Reason”, “Son Theory”, “metaphysical
conversation”
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706, French enlightenment thinker, materialist philosopher) – “The Letter about Comet”, “General Critique of the History of Calvinism” by Manbull, “Dictionary of
Historical Criticism”
Christian Wolff (1679-1754, German idealist philosopher)
George Berkeley (1685-1753, British idealist philosopher) – “New Theory of Vision”, “Principles of Human Knowledge” Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu (1689-1755, French Enlightenment
Thinker, Jurist ) – “Persian Letters”, “The Causes of the Rise and Fall of Rome”, “The Spirit of the Law”, “On the Interests of Nature and Art”
Voltaire (1694-1778, French enlightenment thinker, writer, philosopher. Formerly known as François Marie Arouet) – “Oedipus the King”, “Philosophy Communication “, Metaphysics”, “Philosophy
Dictionary”
David Hartley (1705-1757, British materialist philosopher, one of the founders of the psychological association, the deism) Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, 1709-1785, French imaginary communist, Kong Brother of Diak
Ramien Offroy de La Mettrie (1709-1751, French enlightenment thinker, materialist philosopher) – “Man is a machine”, “The work of Penelope”, “The soul Natural History, “Man is
a plant”
Thomas Reid (1710-1796, British philosopher, founder of the Scottish school, the common sense school)
Lomonosov (Миxaил Вacильевич Ломoносοв1711-1765, Russian scholar, poet, founder of Russian materialistic philosophy and natural science)
Hume (David Hume, 1711-1776, British idealist philosopher, agnostic, historian, economist) – “The Theory of Human Nature”, “Human Understanding”, “Ethics and Politics”
Rousseau (Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778, French enlightenment thinker, philosopher, educator, writer) – “Confessions”, “Fashionable Muse”, “Village Wizard”, “On the Origin
of Human Inequality” And Foundation, “Social Contract Theory”, “Ai Mier” (“On Education”)
Denis Diderot (1713-1784, French enlightenment thinker, materialist philosopher, atheist, writer, editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia) – “Philosophy of Thought”, “Stroll of Skeptics”, “For
The letter of the blind person, the book on the book of deaf and dumb, the interpretation of nature, the conversation of D’Alembert and Diderot, The Continuation of the Talk, The Deaf of Rama Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten
(1714-1762, German philosopher, advocate of the Wolff philosophy system) Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771, French enlightenment thinker, materialist philosopher) – “On the spirit “On the rationality and education
of human beings”, “The Tablet of Love Knowledge”, “The Tablet of Happiness”, “The Tablet of Rational Pride and Laziness”
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715-1780, French enlightenment thinker, sensory theorist, Marbury’s brother) – “Sensory Theory”, “The Origin of Human Knowledge”, “System Theory”
Jean Le Rond d’ Alembert (1717-1783, a translator of Lambert, French mathematician, enlightenment thinker, philosopher, former deputy editor of the Encyclopedia)
Paul Heinrich Dietrich d’ Holbach (1723-1789, French enlightenment thinker, materialist philosopher, atheist) – “Debunked Christianity”, “Pocket Theology”, “Sacred Plague”, “Sound
Thought, Natural System, Social System, Universal Ethics
Kanman (Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804, the founder of German classical idealism) – “Critique of Pure Reason”, “Critique of Practical Reason”, “Critique of Judgment”, “Introduction
to Future Metaphysics”, “Principles of Moral Metaphysics”, On Perpetual Peace and the Collection of Critical Criticism of History
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781, thinker, literary theorist, playwright of the German Enlightenment) Henry Dodwell (-1784, British deism)
Jean Baptiste René Robinet (1735-1820, French philosopher)
Jean Antoine Condorcet (1743-1794, French bourgeois revolutionary bourgeois theorist)
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819, German idealist philosopher)
Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803, German literary theorist, philosopher, arrogant movement (the theory of the German bourgeois literary movement in the 1970s and 1980s))
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832, British ethicist, jurist, main representative of bourgeois utilitarianism) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832, German poet, playwright, thinker)
William Godwin (1756-1836, British writer, social thinker, pastor, and later supported atheism and enlightenment)
Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (1757-1808, French bourgeois revolutionary bourgeois theorist, physiologist, vulgar materialist)
Claude Henri de Saint-Simon, 1760-1825, French utopian socialist
Filippo Michele Buonarrotti (1761-1837, French imaginary communist. Originally from Italy, participated in the French Revolution of 1789, won the title of “Citizen of the French Republic”)
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814, German classical idealist philosopher) – “The Foundation of All Knowledge”, “The Foundation of Natural Law under the Principles of Knowledge”, “The
Moral System under the Principles of Knowledge”, “On the Mission of Scholars” and “The Mission of Man” Hegel (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770-1831, the master of German classical idealism) – “Psychiatry
Phenomenology”, “Logic”, “Little Logic” , Principles of Legal Philosophy, Philosophy of History, Philosophy of Nature, Philosophy of Spirit, Philosophy of Art, Lectures on History of Philosophy, Hegel
Letters
Robert Owen (1771-1858, British Utopian Socialist)
Charles Fourier (1772-1837, French Utopian Socialist)
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775-1854, German idealist philosopher) – “Transcendental Idealism System”, “On the World Soul”
Bernhard Bolzano (1781-1848, Czech mathematician, philosopher, logician)
Etienne Cabet (1788-1856, French Utopian Communist)
Schopenhauer (1788-1860, German idealist philosopher, voluntarist)
Victor Cousin (1792-1867, French idealist philosopher, professing his philosophical system as eclecticism)
Heinrich Heine (1797-1856, German poet, political commentator, thinker)
Auguste Comte (1798-1857, French positivist philosopher)
Théodore Dézamy (1803-1850, French Utopian Communist)
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804-1872, German materialist philosopher) – “The selection of Feuerbach’s philosophical works”, “The Essence of Christianity”, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy”,
“Principles of Future Philosophy” Herzen (1812-1870): “Nature Research Newsletter”, “Scientific Tastes”, “To Old Friends”
Louis Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881, French Revolutionary, Utopian Communist)
Max Stirner (1806-1856, Kaspar Schmidt’s pseudonym, German idealist philosopher, one of the young Hegelian representatives, the so-called theorists, the anarchist’s forerunner By)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873, British idealist philosopher, economist, logician, son of James Muller)
Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865, French petty bourgeois economist and sociologist, one of the founders of anarchism)
Powell (Bruno Bauer, 1809-1882, German idealist philosopher, the main representative of the young Hegelian)
Belinsky (Виссарион Григорьевич Белинский,1811-1848, Russian revolutionary democrat, literary critic, philosopher) – “Selection of Bilinsky’s Philosophical Works”
Jean Josehp Charles Louis Blanc (1811-1882, French petty bourgeois socialist, historian)
Herzen (Александр Иванович Герцен, 1812-1870, Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, writer)
Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855, Danish idealist philosopher, his thought became one of the theoretical basis of modern bourgeois philosophical genre existentialism)
Rudolf Hermann Lotze (1817-1881, German idealist philosopher, professing his philosophy as “the teleological idealism”)
Grünn (1817-1887, German petty bourgeois socialist)
Karl Vogt (1817-1895, German naturalist, vulgar materialist, professing his philosophy as “physiology
Marx (1818.5.5-1883.3.14, – “Capital”, “Economic Manuscript”, “The Outline of Feuerbach”, “German Ideology”
Spencer (Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903, British sociologist, agnostic, idealist philosopher)
Jacob Moleschott (1822-1893, a Dutch physiologist, philosopher, one of the representatives of vulgar materialism) Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899, German doctor, one of vulgar materialist representatives)
Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864, leader of the opportunistic faction in the German workers’ movement)
Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895, British naturalist) – “Beautiful New World”
Friedrich überweg (1826-1871, German philosopher) – “Introduction to the History of Philosophy”
Friedrich Albert Lange (1828-1875, German idealist philosopher, early neo-Kantian) Joseph Dietzgen (1828-1888, German socialist writer and philosopher, tanner) Chernyshevsky (Николай Гаврилович
Чернышевский,
1828-1889, Russian revolutionary democrats, materialist philosophers, literary critics, writers) – “The Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality”, “An Overview of the Gothic Period in the
Russian Literature Circle”, “Philosophy Humanism Principles” 》
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (1828-1893, a translation of Dana, French literary theorist, historian, one of the heirs of Conde’s empirical philosophy)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920, German psychologist, philosopher, one of the founders of structural psychology)
Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911, a German idealist philosopher who originally belonged to neo-Kantianism and later turned to philosophy of life)
Karl Eugen Dühring (1833-1921, German philosopher, vulgar economist)
Harris Torrey Harris (1835-1909, American educator, idealist philosopher, the earliest communicator of Hegelian philosophy in the United States)
Green Hill (Thomas Hill Green, 1836-1882, British idealist philosopher)
Wilhelm Schuppe (1836-1913, German idealist philosopher, founder of internalism)
Ernst Mach (1838-1916, Austrian physicist, idealist philosopher, one of the founders of empirical criticism) Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914, American idealist philosopher, founder of pragmatism)
James (William James, 1842-1910, American idealist philosopher, psychologist, pragmatist, founder of functional psychology)
Eduart Hartmann (1842-1906, German idealist philosopher)
Richard Avenarius (1843-1896, German subjective idealist philosopher, one of the founders of empirical criticism)
Nietzsche (Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900, German idealist philosopher, voluntarist)
Merlin (Franz Mehring, 1846-1919, one of the left-wing leaders of the German Social Democratic Party, political commentator, historian)
Francis Herbert Bradley (1846-1924, British idealist philosopher, new Hegelian) R (Rudolf Eucken, 1846-1926, German idealist philosopher)
Richard Schubert-Soldern (1852-1935, German idealist philosopher, representative of internalism
Karl Pearson (1857-1936, British idealist philosopher, mathematician, one of the advocates of eugenics) Samuel Alexander (1859-1938, British idealist philosopher, new realist)
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938, German idealist philosopher, founder of modern phenomenology)
Henri Bergson (1859-1941, French idealist philosopher, life philosophy and the main representative of modern irrationalism)
John Dewey (1859-1952, American idealist philosopher, sociologist, educator, pragmatist) Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947, British idealist philosopher, mathematician)
Josef Petzoldt (1862-1929, German idealist philosopher, empirical critic)Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936, German idealist philosopher, one of the main representatives of the New Kant’s Freiburg School)
Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (1864-1937, British philosopher, pragmatist, called his pragmatic philosophy “humanism”)
Benedetto Croce (1866-1952, a translation of Croce, Italian idealist philosopher, historian, new Hegelian)
Hans Driesch (1867-1941, German idealist philosopher, biologist, new vitalist)
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970, British idealist philosopher, mathematician, logician)
Bogdanov (Александр Александрович Богданов, 1873-1928, Russian idealist philosopher)
George Edward Moore (1873-1958, British idealist philosopher, one of the main representatives of the new realism)
Giovanni Gentile (1875-1944, Italian idealist philosopher, new Hegelian)
Oswald Spengler (1880-1936, German idealist philosopher, historian)
Deborin (Абрам Моиесевич Деборин, 1881-1963, Soviet philosopher,
Moritz Schlick (1882-1936, idealist philosopher, born in Germany, taught at the University of Vienna, Austria, one of the founders of the Vienna School, one of the founders of logical positivism)
Jalques Maritain (1882-1973, French theologian, idealist philosopher, main representative of new Thomasism) Karl Jaspers (1883-1969, German existentialist philosopher)
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951, Austrian idealist philosopher, logician. After Hitler annexed Austria in 1838, he entered British nationality and taught at Cambridge University)
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976, a German existentialist philosopher who served as university president and professor during Hitler’s reign, and supported Nazism)
Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980, French existentialist philosopher.) – “Imagination”, “Existence and Nihility”, “Existentialism is a Humanism”, “Critique of Dialectical Reason”,
Several Issues in Methodology
Beauvoir Simone de (1908-1986, French existentialist scholar, writer)
Merleau Ponty (1908-1961, French existentialist philosopher)
Of course, philosophy and religion, politics, literature, etc. are also closely related. If you want to know the avenue, you must know the history. Repeated reading of the history of philosophy, world history,
benefited a lot, and imagination came together.
Eastern philosophy Arabic philosophy Indian philosophy
In the history of the world, the East and the Arab countries also have important status and influence. Countries such as India, China, and Arabia are particularly important.
The great wise man of life
(The legend is about 600 years ago – about 470 years ago), surnamed Li Ming Er, the word Bo Yang, Han nationality, Chu State Bian County, is a great ancient Chinese philosopher, thinker, Taoist school founder,
and in the Valley It was written in the ethics of the Five Thousand Words.
Confucius
Confucius (September 28th, 551th to April 11th, 479th) Mingqiu, the word Zhongni, Lu Guoyu, Han nationality at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. English: Confucius, Kung Tze. Confucius was a great educator
and thinker in ancient China, the founder of the Confucian school, and a world cultural celebrity. Confucius’s thoughts and doctrines have had a profound impact on later generations.
Zhuangzi (about 369 years ago – 286 years ago), Han nationality. A famous thinker, philosopher, and writer is the representative of the Taoist school, the successor and developer of Laozi’s philosophy, and
the founder of the pre-Qin Zhuangzi school. His doctrine covers all aspects of social life at that time, but the fundamental spirit is still dependent on Laozi’s philosophy. Later generations will call him and Laozi “Laozhuang”,
and their philosophy is “Lao Zhuang philosophy.”
Mencius, the pioneer of the people-oriented thinking
Mencius (from 372 to 289) Han nationality, Zoucheng, Shandong. The great thinker of ancient China. One of the representative figures of Confucianism during the Warring States Period. He is the author of “Meng
Zi”, a collection of essays. “The Book of Mencius” is a compilation of Mencius’s remarks, written by Mencius and his disciples, and records the Confucian classics of Mencius’ words and deeds.
Xunzi (Xunzi 313 years ago – 238 years ago), the name of the famous thinker, writer, politician, representative of the Confucian school, – Han Fei, Li Si is his disciple.
Dong Zhongshu (before 179~104), Dong Zi, Han Dynasty thinker, politician. Great contribution to the orthodox status of Confucianism. It is a thinker of the Western Han Dynasty who is advancing with the times.
He is a famous idealist philosopher in the Western Han Dynasty and a master of modern Chinese studies. When Emperor Jingdi was a Ph.D., he taught “The Ram Spring and Autumn.” In the first year of Emperor Wu of the
Han Dynasty (134 BC), Dong Zhongshu put forward the basic points of his philosophical system in the famous “Measures for Raising the Virtue,” and suggested that “the slogan of 100 schools and the unique Confucianism”
should be adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Later generations have different opinions on this.
Master of Science
Zhu Xi was a master of Song’s agency studies. He inherited the science of Cheng Song and Cheng Wei of the Northern Song Dynasty and completed the system of objective idealism. It is said that reason is the
essence of the world, “reasonable first, gas is behind”, and puts forward “preserving the heavens, destroying human desires.” Zhu Xi has a profound knowledge of the study of Confucian classics, history,
literature, music, and even the natural sciences.
The development of Indian philosophy can be roughly divided into ancient philosophy (about 3000 BC ~ 750 AD), medieval philosophy (750 to 18th century AD), modern philosophy (about 18th century to 1947), modern
philosophy (after 1947) ) Four periods.
Ancient
India has emerged as the bud of the worldview in the era of the Rigveda in the end of the original commune. After entering the slavery society, it began to form a systematic philosophy. The earliest philosophical
book “The Upanishads.”
middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, religion dominated, and the philosophy of the ruling class was included in the Hindu theology system. India traditionally recognized the Vatican’s authoritative figures, the Yoga School,
the Victory School, the Orthodox School, and the Vedanta School. The Six-sect philosophy, such as the Miman sentiment, is called the orthodox school, and the Shunshi, Buddhism, Jainism, etc., which deny the authority of the
Vedic, are called unorthodox.
Islam Arabia
The main differences between the Moor Taiqilai and the Hadith in philosophy are: the nature of Allah and the relationship between Allah and the world. MooreThe Taiqilai faction denies that Allah has all kinds
of unfounded virtues such as knowledge, energy, sight, hearing, speech, life, etc., because these are considered to be the beginning of virtue and the personalization of Allah, and the true The uniqueness is incompatible;
the Hadith is recognized as the virtue of Allah. Secondly, the debate about “freedom of will” and “pre-determination”, that is, the relationship between man and Allah, the Hadith believes that the good
and evil of man is the premise of Allah, and the act of man is created by Allah. The Moor Taiqilai faction believes that people have unlimited freedom of will, and that human behavior is created by themselves. Allah is rewarded
and punished according to his good and evil, thus proving that Allah is fair.
After the 10th century, the Sunni philosophical system, the “New Kailam”, the doctrine of Islam, was formed. The founder, Ashley, and his disciples reconciled the doctrines of “pre-determination”
and “freedom of will”, emphasizing the all-powerfulness of Allah, and there is no causal connection between all things in the world, created by Allah. They try to show that all actions of human beings are determined by
Allah, but people have the ability to “reach” their own actions, so people are responsible for their actions before Allah. The faction was supported by the ruling class and was regarded as an orthodox official creed.
Philosophy-theologians and their schools In the 9th and 12th centuries, there were numerous famous philosophers in the vast areas under the caliphate state, and there were also groups and factions of philosophers.
These philosophers and factions, called “Hokma” by the Arabs, formed the main body of Arab medieval philosophy at that time, divided into two things, centered on Baghdad and Córdoba. Many of these philosophers are
engaged in secular affairs (doctors, natural scientists, etc.), attaching importance to empirical knowledge and emphasizing theoretical understanding. Although they still have not got rid of the control of orthodox theology,
they have largely accepted the influence of Greek-Roman philosophy, especially Aristotle and Neo-Platonicism and Eastern traditional ideas.
The philosopher Lacy and the sincere brothers. They attempted to reconcile Greek natural philosophy (including mathematics, astronomy, astrology, music, alchemy, medicine, etc.) and Islamic teachings to create
a religious philosophy. Lacy’s medical theory begins with the recognition of the close connection between the body and the soul, asserting that matter is eternal, that movement is an inseparable property of objects, and that
feelings cause people to have an understanding of the object. The sincere Brothers Society was originally a politically-religious group of religious and philosophical groups in the Basra area in the 10th century. They collectively
compiled an encyclopedic collection of essays. Their cosmology is Islam Shiite, New Pythago The combination of lasism and neo-Platonicism.
Philosophers Kendi, Farabi, and Ibn Sina, influenced by Greek Aristotle and Neo-Platonicism. Kendy is known as an Arab philosopher. He systematically studied Greek philosophy and tried to combine it with Islamic
teachings, arguing that matter is a form of “flowing out” from the spirit of Allah, and that the soul can leave the body and be independent. Faraby is recognized as the “first philosopher” after Aristotle. His
philosophical system is a mixture of Plato, Aristotle and Sufism, propagating the immortal “ration of Allah” . I think that the world is made up of many elements, and people can know the world through feelings. Ibn
Sinah proposed the “dual truth theory” of religion and science. He is arrogant between materialism and idealism. He believes that the material world is eternal. They are not created by Allah, but they also think
that the spirit overflows from Allah. The spirit gives form to the material and then forms everything. It is also claimed that the soul and the body are different and are a special ability that goes beyond the physical properties
of ordinary things. On the issue of commonality, it is believed that the common phase exists before things, as the idea of creation, exists in things; as the essence of things, after things, is the form of existence
of concepts.
Sufism and orthodox theology – philosopher Ansari. The Sufism faction appeared at the end of the 7th century and has undergone significant development since the end of the 8th century. Influenced by Neo-Platonicism
and the Indian Yoga School, they promoted the “oneness of man and God” and “the connection between man and God” and advocated the doctrine of abstinence, perseverance, self-restraint, and was suppressed
by the orthodox Islam. The orthodox school of the famous theology-philosopher Ansari, who was the master of the orthodox theology-philosophy system after Ashley, became a representative of Sufism in his later years. He introduced
Sufism into the idea of the orthodox school and made the Sufism a complete system.
Ibn Luss and Averrois. In the 11th and 12th centuries, when the Eastern caliphate caused ideological confusion due to the decline of the ruling class’s guilt and feudal system, he integrated all the achievements
of Islamic philosophy in the West of Muslim rule and developed Aristotle’s philosophy. The tendency of science and reason in thought.
The pantheist Ibn Arabi. The Spanish Sufism theology-philosopher whose role is to combine theology and philosophy. He believes that Allah is light, and that human thoughts have the illumination of light, and
there is wisdom; Allah is the origin of all things, and he has two forms of self-existence that are hidden and obvious. When Allah is in a hidden form, the world of phenomena is potentially in Allah; when Allah is transformed
into a form of manifestation, it presents a relative, realistic world. The world of phenomena is identical in form to Allah, but in essence it is the same as Allah. In addition, he proposed that Muhammad is a “complete
person” doctrine, and his concept of Muhammad greatly promoted the idea of worship of the saints of Islam.
The above briefly describes the Eastern and Western cultures, important figures and representative works in the history of philosophy, and outlines, so that they can be seen at a glance. They are worthy of
the priceless treasure in the annals of the world. It is worthy of human learning and reflection, and thus to explore new and deeper research and exploration of the new world new universe and new human society.
Philosophical terms and terms
Encyclopedia of philosophy, a dictionary of philosophy, in the annals of philosophy
Philosophical terms and nouns are very extensive. Simply lead to something, such as:
Abstract object (English: Abstract object)
World Soul (English: Anima_mundi)
Being
category
Causality
select
Cogito ergo sum
concept
entity
Nature
presence
experience
Abstract set with entity settings
Identity
Identity and change
information
intelligence
Meaning
Mood
substance(
Memetic
soul
motion
necessity
object
mode
perception
object
principle
Sensibility
reality
soul
main body
Physical form
thought
time
truth
Common phase
Unobservability
value
a priori
analysis
belief
Causality
common sense
Know how
induction
objectivity
perception
Proposition
Retrospective argument
Speculative reason
truth
a priori
analysis
Know how
induction
objectivity
perception
Proposition
simple
Speculative reason
truth
Of course, there are too many terminology, and there are countless. I will not list them here. Philosophical nouns are very different from natural science terms, and their meanings are different. Natural science
is more rigorous and standardized.
In summary, the outstanding contributions of philosophers have fully appreciated that classic works such as the history of world philosophy and the history of Western philosophy are worthy of reading, so that
we can truly understand the essence of philosophy.
New world new universe development and revolution of philosophy
The new world, the new era, humanity has gone through the evolution of millions of years of millions of years. Today, the sky is overturned, the river is overturned, the world is changing, and the universe
is changing. The computer surpasses the human brain, and the spacecraft enters the space, flies to the moon, and flies to Mars. The natural revolution, the planetary revolution, the cosmic revolution, and the social transformation
are changing with each passing day. The productivity of all mankind today is far more than the integration of hundreds of thousands of years of ancient humans. The powerful science and technology have rapidly changed the world
yesterday, today and tomorrow. Facing the world, there are thousands of meteorological things. Many new topics, new ideas, new ideas, new cultures, new thinking, new languages, new explorations, new discoveries, new horizons,
and answers to the world. Therefore, research and development are particularly important and of great significance.
1. modern world, nature, universe, celestial bodies, particles, gravity, field
Solar system, sun, jupiter, earth-moon, milky way
Dark matter, black hole, interstellar molecule
The speciality of Jupiter and the Sun for the life of the Earth
2. The history of world philosophy and the system of important world doctrine
Philosophy encompasses the connection and division of modern philosophy and traditional philosophy
Modern science and technology and the natural revolution, the cosmic revolution, the planetary revolution – the philosophical revolution
Extensive and limited nature of science and science and technology
The evolution of the natural universe, the fallacies and limitations in the history of cognition
3. The primitive and structure of the natural universe, the ground state, the initial state, the final state
The space and time of the universe, the ending of the universe
4. Multidimensionality, multi-directionality, three-phase nature of the natural world – three principles of the three systems of philosophical thinking
Materialism, idealism, philosophy and basic elements of the three sexes, the third-sexual cognition and thinking system of the natural world universe
Advanced evolution of human thinking olfactory tactile taste visual acuity perceptual intuition
The relativity and absoluteness of matter and the natural world. The relative and absolute nature of the cognitive and structure of thinking in advanced intelligence.
Idealism-materialism—–Three-dimensional multi-dimensional theory, the essence of natural philosophy of compounding and purifying
Material-thinking-existence-consciousness limited life cognitive material and existence
Human nature: natural, primitive, biological, animal, social, intelligent, creative
General life perception of animals and matter
The locality and reality of life intelligence function, the infinite wideness and deepness of advanced intelligent life function and natural universe ontology
5. The super-rotation of the universe and the ultra-spin of the particles and the rotation of the planet
6. Matter, species, macromolecules and humans (variation and inheritance of advanced intelligent life animals)
Advanced life evolution and proliferation Super intelligent human and super intelligent biological robots
The benefit and reversal of science and technology
7. The evolution of the ontology of the advanced intelligent high-level intelligent life body The two-way thinking structure of the human brain Logical orbit Natural biochemical orbit Hybrid orbit
Mathematical language natural language image language language logic language compound language superconducting polarization function and function of nerve conduction system
Control zone area of brain reflexes Interventional resonance zone of sound waves and information flow
8. The natural universe and human society and the basic structure and survival mode of the planetary society that can be realized in the future
Natural science and technology, natural philosophy, philosophy of technology and social philosophy, religious philosophy, economic philosophy, political philosophy, cultural philosophy
9. The end of the world, the destruction of the planet, the destruction of the earth, the collapse of the universe and the collapse of the universe—the eternality of the universe and the eternal material
Tens of thousands to millions of years, hundreds of billions to several trillions of years, time domain values and human survival thresholds
The association between a universe without matter and a matter without universe
10. The large-scale structure of the universe, life and wisdom, humans, matter and particles
Dark matter, black hole, gravitational field, super-spin and big bang
11. Advanced intelligent life system development and species-substance
12. Multidimensionality and Multidimensionality of Philosophical Thinking and Religious and Alienation of Three-Sexuality
13. Human Intelligence and Evolution and Comparative Study of the Brain Nervous System of Ordinary Life Animals
14. Human or super-smart humans – super-biological robots and biological or biological macromolecules in other extreme environments of the universe
15 The star’s star-like substances, including stars, star-shaped macromolecules, dust, black holes, “dark matter” and other deconstruction
16. Absolute relativity, relative absoluteness The truth and lack of human cognition and thinking. The change of truth and agnosticism
17. Multiple pathways and patterns of birth and evolution
18. Can humans step out of the solar system in the Milky Way after millions of years?
19. The life of the planet society super-smart intelligent humans and super-bio intelligent robots affect the universe and the original human ontology
20. From particles to the universe, from the universe to the particles, from the rotation to the rotation to the super-spinning
21. Orderly disorder and chaos of the universe Network operating system and large structural system of the universe
22. The network structure and operating system of the solar system
23. The network structure and operating system of the Milky Way
24. Theorem of Science – the universality and locality of Sciencelaws The general solution and special solution of science (naturally based on the reality of the Earth’s human beings as a reference system,
if it is a highly intelligent biological robot, it may be no solution or lose the basic discussion significance).
(A) Geophysics Geochemistry Earth Biology Earth Astronomy Earth Geology etc. Abundance, homogeneity and heterogeneity of elements of the universe
(B) Lunar physics Lunar chemistry Lunar geology Lunar biology etc.
C) Mars Physics Mars Chemistry Mars Geology Mars Biology, etc.
(D) Mercury Physics, Mercury Chemistry, etc.
(E) Jupiter Physics Jupiter Chemistry Jupiter Geology) Jupiter Satellite, etc.
(F) Milky Way Physics Milky Way Chemistry Milky Way Biology Galaxy XX, etc.
(G) Stellar physics, cosmology, astrophysics, astrobiology, solar system, etc., do not coincide with the above, and each has its own differences.
(H) The black hole of the universe, the super-large star, the interstellar dust, etc., the so-called dark matter, etc. New cosmic wonders and discoveries
(M) Other
25. Particle and particle family super-spin and super-rotational field
(A) Ultra macro and ultra micro
(B) the ground state and the initial state of the particle, the final state
(C) vector-domain-field
(D) disordered order, disordered disorder, chaos
26. Human wisdom and super intelligence
(A) Human evolutionary maps and polymorphic orbits
(B) Gene, cell and genetic variation Multiple organism evolution and competition
(C) natural environment and cosmic environment
(D) Evolution, foraging, survival labor and reproduction
(E) genetic variation and evolution limb function body function biological function brain nervous system
(F) Taste sense olfactory tactile auditory visual tactile perception intuition —— nervous system natural language – image language, logical language, hybrid language track synthesis exchange reorganization
(simple thinking – complex thinking – logical thinking – hybrid thinking – Mixed thinking…)) Low consciousness, high consciousness, and other high-level thinking consciousness (brain left hemisphere, right hemisphere, nervous
system, cell synapse, etc., continuous development, including midbrain, cerebellum, etc., cerebral cortex Wait)
(G) language, thinking, creation, intelligent development, etc.
27. The natural world and human society
As mentioned above, it is of no practical significance to break away from the existence of reality, to break away from the human beings of the earth, to discuss and explore the natural universe, the moon
Mars, the Jupiter Sun, the Milky Way, the Black Hole, and so on. The human-cosmic-particle-gene is actually a four-in-one, inseparable. Of course, from the perspective of biological function sensing, animal and plant bacterial
microorganisms also have sensory and certain sensory systems, which is understandable. But for intelligent humans, there is a certain analogy between the two, but after all, they cannot be equal. Regardless of philosophy,
theology, religion, and other theoretical doctrines, no matter what kind of ideas, they are based on the foundation of human thinking rationality and the existence and development of human social reality. Therefore, it is
inevitable that they will go astray. Some people say that the era of super-intelligent robots, advanced biological robots, artificial genetic robots, and the evolution of other animals, superhuman super-civilization outside
the universe, etc., can’t we explore and study? Scientific research and philosophical research are endless and fenceless. Of course, it is worthy of vigorous promotion. However, all research and exploration must be combined
with practice and reality, and at the same time conform to scientific ethics in order to lead to the path of truth. Even pure natural science, including the greatest hypotheses and theories, must be supported by a strong,
non-subversive iron fact and evidence chain. Otherwise, everything will be turned into nothing, and it will be thrown into the grave by the world. . Natural science is like this, as is the philosophy and social sciences.
28. Science, philosophy, religion and theology
29. The universe in the human brain and the universe that humans can reach, the absolute entity or the limited physical reality? Of course, the divergence of creative thinking of human wisdom is extremely great,
and must not be underestimated; but can human advanced intelligence reach the absolute truth of the universe? At the micro level, it can be exquisitely refined; but in the large macro range, it is difficult to be very accurate
and accurate. Therefore, human wisdom is endless, but the advantages are very limited, and the limitations cannot be ignored. Even if humans enter Mars and enter the Milky Way, they can only see the leopard in the tube, and
they cannot fully capture the complete and clear image of the entire universe. It takes quite a long process and procedure.
30. Deductive reasoning and logical thinking Abstract universe and concrete universe Abstract particles and concrete particles Abstract genes and specific genes
Abstract macro and microscopic concrete micro and macro physical definition of superfine and super macro
31. The network of the universe Black hole physics and structure Dark matter and interstellar matter
32. Structure of thinking: convergence and divergence Polarization and conduction of genes in advanced nervous systems
33. Human survival thresholds and limits
34. Outside the Milky Way and the Milky Way –
35. The connection and revolutionary development of modern science and technology and philosophy and natural philosophy
Philosophical research and analysis are profound and require detailed systematic integration and demonstration. It is not a phrase that can be explained. To form a long masterpiece requires a lot of work
and writing. Therefore, a lot of work and in-depth research are needed in the future to be compiled. Limited to time constraints, busy work, have to delete the complex and simple, to provide to everyone. A glimpse of the leopard
in the tube, a little bit. Throwing bricks and attracting jade, you can also draw the finishing touch to make the elegance and common taste. This article is also the essence of the monograph.
Finalized in September 2012
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This book is mainly used for bibliography and literature materials.
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Russell’s History of Western Philosophy
Bertrand A Brief History of Western Philosophy
Hans’ History of World Philosophy
Bertrand A Brief History of Philosophy
George. Wei “Minimal World History”
Simon. Mongolian Three Thousand Years
Pascal “Ideology”
Pilates The Power of Thought
Luo Bin, History of World Philosophy
Christopher. Galfard, The History of Minimalist Universe
Hawking, The Universe in the Husk
Kip. s. Thorne “Black Hole and Time”
Const, A Brief History of the Universe
Ma Han, Multi-Particle Physics
Morris. Klein “Ancient and Modern Mathematical Thoughts”
Chip Walter “Returning to Human Evolution”
G. Polya, Mathematics and Conjecture
B. Luin et al. “Life Science Masterpiece: Cell”
Nichols et al. Neurobiology: From Neurons to Brain
Wade “Before the dawn – genetic technology subverts the history of human evolution”
World Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopedia of Philosophy Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Wikipedia Encyclopedia of websites, related natural science research pap
Beautiful flower bloom 